English grammar 1

English Grammar

The Auxiliary Verbs

- The auxiliary verbs can be separated into four categories :

1 - Verb to be

2 - Verb to have

3 - Verb to do

4 - Modals

- the auxiliary verb can be either a main verb or a helping verb .

1 - Verb to be

- Present (am , is , are)

- past (was , were)

- Past participle (been)

- Examples

He is a good man --- is / main verb

I am a student --- am / main verb

She is a clever girl --- is / main verb

He is eating now --- is / helping verb

I am studying at the moment --- am / helping verb

Look! It is snowing --- is / helping verb

The car was cleaned --- was / helping verb --- passive

Note :

- After Verb to be use verb (Present + ing) --- Active Voice .

- After Verb to be use verb (Past participle) --- Passive Voice .

Examples :

- The car is cleaned .

- English is spoken .

- I was invited to the party .

2 - Verb to have

- Present (Have) with (I , we , you , they)

- Present (Has) with (he , she , it)

- past (Had)

- Past participle (Had)

- Examples

I have a new car --- have / main verb

She has her breakfast at 8 o'clock --- has / main verb

I have taught English --- have / helping verb --- passive

She has studied for 3 hours --- has / helping verb --- passive

English has been taught --- has / helping verb --- passive

Note :

- After Verb to have use verb (Past participle) .

3 - Verb to do

- Present (Do)

- Present (Does)

- past (Did)

- Past participle (Done)

- Examples

I do my homework every day --- do / main verb

She does her best, but she failed --- does / main verb

They did their work early last Sunday --- did / main verb

Do you speak English? --- Do / helping verb --- passive

Does he come from Canada? --- Dose / helping verb --- passive

They don't like coffee --- do / helping verb --- passive

Did you arrive on time? --- Did / helping verb --- passive

Note :

- After Verb to do use verb (base verb) .

- use (does) with (he , she , it)

- use (do) with (I , we , you , they)

- use (did) with (he , she , it , I , we , you , they)

4 - Modals

a - Modals followed by the simple form of a verb (base verb)

- Examples

can / I can do it .

could / I could do it .

had better / You had better do it .

may / They may do it .

might / she might do it .

must / He must do it .

shall / I shall do it .

should / Mark will do it .

will / Jack will do it .

would / I would do it .

b - Modals followed by an infinitive (To + base verb)

- Examples

Have to / I have to do it .

Have got to / I have got to do it .

Ought to / She ought to do it .

c - Use modals

1 - Expressing ability : Can , Could .

- Examples

She can speak English .

Fish cannot survive out of water .

He can come tomorrow .

We can't go on vacation until next month .

I could speak German when i was a child .

2 - Giving Permission : Can , May .

- Examples

When you finish the test, you may leave .

you may pay the bill either in person or by mail .

Note :

- may is usually used in formal situations .

- can is usually used in informal situations .

3 - Asking polite questions : (may I , could I , can I , might I)

- Examples

May I please borrow your pen?

Could I borrow your pen please?

Can I borrow your pen?

Might I borow your pen?

Would you like a cup of coffee?

Would you like to come to the party with us tonight?

4 - Expressing advisability : (should , ought to , had better)

- Examples

I should lose some weight .

I ought to lose some weight .

You should study harder .

You ought to study harder .

You shouldn't leave your keys in the car .

The gas tank is empty , we had better stopat the next station .

You had better take care of that cut on your hand .

5 - Expressing necessity : (Must , have to , have got to)

- Examples

Drivers have to stop when they see the red light .

I must take my pen to the exam with me .

I must not forget to take my key with me .

You have to stop when you see the red light .

Note :

- past (must , have to) is / (had to)

I have to study tonight - I had to study last night .

I must study tonight - I had to study last night .

- to convert sentence with The auxiliary verbs to questions :

Examples :

He is happy / is he happy?

They are studing now / Are they studying now?

I am well today / Are you well today?

You are fat / Am i fat?

18/7/2015

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Negative

- The negative form of the verb can be made as follows:

- The first rule

If we find in a sentence following acts of assistance, we are in a position (Not)

After the auxiliary verb, wholesale and become Negative, and helping verbs are:

shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought, need, dare, used, am, is, was, are, were, have, has, had

Examples:

- He is studying - He is not studing or He is not studying

- I can speak English - I can not speak English

- I am quite ready for it - I am not quite ready for it

- I will take part in this conveersation - I will not take part in this conversation

- You must drive your car like this - you must not drive your car like this

- I could see you well - I could not see you well

- I have two brothers - I have not two brothers - I do not have two brothers

- The second rule

If the wholesale-free auxiliary verb, you should pay attention to the existing wholesale act, if present indicative form of the verb put before him (Do not - do not) and if the act expired in letter

(S) for single We delete (S) and put before the verb (Does not - does not)

Examples:

- I go to school on Saturday - I do not go to school on Saturday

- We play tennis every weekend - We do not play tennis every weekend

- She drinks coffee every morning - She does not drink coffee every morning

- He goes to work in early morning - He does not go to work in early morning

- The third rule

If the wholesale-free auxiliary verb, we should pay attention to the existing wholesale act, if the act put him past (Did not - did not)

Examples:

- He visited me last Friday - He did not visit me last Friday

- She played basketball yesterday - She did not play basketball yesterday

- They left me alone that night - They did not leave me alone that night

- The fourth rule

If you find the word (Some) in the sentence, when you convert this sentence, exiled to a phrase, we are in conversion (Some) to the word (Any)

Examples:

- He have some problems - He have not any problems - or He have no problems

- She will buy some stories - She will not buy any stories

- He has some time to do the work - He has not any time to do the work - or He has no time to do the work

- The fifth rule

If you find the word (A lot of) with uncountable nouns in the sentence, when you convert this sentence, exiled to a phrase, we are in conversion (A lot of) to the word (Many) if you find the word (A lot of) with uncountable nouns in the sentence, when you convert this sentence, exiled to a phrase, we are in conversion (A lot of) to the word (Much)

Examples:

- I have a lot of friends - I have not many friends - or I do not have many friends

- She has a lot of books - She has not many books - or She does not have many books

- There is a lot of water in this well - There is not much water in this well

- We heard a lot of news this morning - We did not hear much news this morning

- The sixth rule

If you find the word (Both ... and) and (Either ... or) in the sentence, when you convert this sentence, exiled to a phrase, we are in conversion (Both ... and) and (Either ... or) to the word

(Neither ... nor)

Examples:

- Either jeams or mark can go to the party - Neither jeams nor mark can go to the party

- Both jeams and mark can go to the party - Neither jeams nor mark can go to the party

- The seventh rule

In the case of the act it, we can deny it act in the use of the word

(Do not) Before the command verb

Examples:

- Turn right - Do not turn right

- Come here - Do not come here

- Sleep early - Do not Sleep early

- The eighth rule

If we find in a sentence acts (Do) which (Do, does, did)

And is a major acts in the sentence, when the conversion to become Negative

(Do not do - do not do)

(Does not do - does not do)

(Did not do - did not do)

Examples:

- I do my work in the early morning - I do not do my work in the early morning

- He does his work in the early morning - He does not do my work in the early morning

- We did our work in the early morning - We did not do our work in the early morning

23/7/2015

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Pronouns

- A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.

1 - Personal Pronouns

Subject / Object

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I / me

We / us

You / you , me , us

He / him

She / her

It / it

They / them

Examples:

- I met her.

- We saw them.

- You respect him.

- He welcome me.

- She saw him.

- it bit me.

- They tied it

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- Personal pronouns with preposition

Examples:

- He came with me.

- I spoke with her.

- she laughed at them.

- They mocked at her.

- We listened to them.

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(My , Our , Your , His , Her , Its , Their)

are possessive adjectives and they qualify nouns.

Examples:

- I read my books.

- We read our books.

- You read your books.

- He read his books.

- She read her books.

- They read their books.

- It feeds its youngs.

2 - Possessive Pronouns

- Possessive Pronouns stand for nouns and are thus used instead of the nouns to which they refer.

Examples:

Possessive adjective / Possessive pronoun

- That is my watch. / That watch is mine.

- That is our house. / That house is ours.

- That is your car. / That car is yours.

- This is his work. / This work is his.

- This is her dress. / This dress is hers.

- This is their car. / That car is theirs.

3 - Demonstrative Pronouns

- This - to near

- That - to far

- These - to near

- Those - to far

- Such

- So

- One

- None

- The same

Examples:

- This is my car.

- This car is wonderful.

- That car is expensive.

- That is not true.

- These books are interesting.

- Those people are my guests.

- Don't be in such a hurry.

- Such is life!

4 - Reflexive and Emphasizing Pronouns

1 - First person

- Myself

- Ourselves

2 - Second person

- Yourself

- Yourselves

3 - Third person

- Himself

- Herself

- Itself

- Themselves

- oneself

Examples: Reflexive Pronouns

- She hurt herself.

- he is teaching himself English.

- I hope you will all enjoy yourselves.

- Make yourself at home.

Examples:Emphasizing Pronouns

- He told me that himself.

- Do you believe that yourself?

- I myself saw her.

- She didn't do it herself.

- Note: There are other types of pronouns such as

1 - (Wh-questions)

2 - (Relative pronouns)

24/7/2015

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