English grammar 2

Kinds of questions

- There are three types of questions in English which is the following:

1 - Yes / No questions

Answer questions in yes or no

- Examples:

- Are you happy? / Yes, i am. , Or / No, I am not.

- Is he happy? / Yes, he is. , Or / No, he is not.

- Does she speak French? / Yes, she dose. , Or / No, she does not.

- Do you live there? / Yes, I do. , Or / No, I do not.

- Did you meet Jon? / Yes, I did, Or / No, I did not.

2 - Tag questions

This type is called caudal questions, in the sense of if we want to make sure that a particular phrase, put the end of the sentence in question is called brief question Tail, and its meaning (right), the following examples illustrate this type of Questions.

- Examples:

- Mark is studing, is not he?

- I play basketball well, do not i?

- I do not play tennis well, do i?

- Jon does not study, does he?

- You wrote a story, did not you?

- Lora will buy a car, will not she?

- Anna can help her, can not she?

- We must not leave early, must we?

- I must leave now, must not i?

- He was not happy, was he?

- She was late, was not she?

- You can not sing, can you?

- Anna will not buy a car, will she?

- You ought to study harder, oughtn't you?

- You oughtn't to waste your time, ought you?

- I have not many friends, have i?

- Jon had some problems, had not he?

- I had not any luck, had i?

- Mark loves his father, does not he?

- Dana left at noon, did not she?

- You'd better see a doctor, had not you? / Note: You'd better = You had better

- You'd rather drive slowly, wouldn, t you? / Note: You, d rather = You would better

- Let's go to the party, shall we? / Note: Let's = Let us

- I'm afraid of climbing mountains, are not i?

- I'm afraid I'm not lucky, are not i?

3 - Information questions

The third type of questions, and is the most important kinds of questions, and intended this kind of questions inquiring about certain information, and this kind of questions starts in (Wh).

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A - Where = Place - Where and used to ask about the place

- Examples:

- Where was you born? / In Roma.

- Where do you live? / I live in London.

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B - When = Time - when to use to ask for time

- Examples:

- When will the bus arrive? / At 5 o'clock.

- When does the first lesson begin? / At 8 o'clock.

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C - Why = Reason - why and is used to ask reason

- Examples:

- Why did he stay home? / Because he was ill.

- Why are not you come with us? / Because I'm tired.

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D - How = Manner - how is used to ask about the case or behavior, or how this work is, or how to do something.

- Examples:

- How did you come to school? / By bus.

- How is your day? / Nice.

1 - How old - used to ask about age

- How old are you? / I'm 16 years old.

2 - How cold - is used to ask about the degree of cold

- How cold is it? / It's ten below zero.

3 - How fast - used to a question about the speed

- How fast were you driving? / 50 miles an hour.

4 - How long - is used to ask about the length of time

- How long have you been in this city? / 2 years.

5 - How often - used to ask about the frequency of a particular job

- How often do you drink coffee? / 3 times a day.

6 - How far - used to question the distance

- How far is it to New York from here? / 150 K.ms.

7 - How much - to ask for non-numbered thing

- How much money does it cost? / Ten dollars.

8 - How many - to a question about the thing numbered

- How many gallons of gas did she buy? / Twelve.

9 - How well - used to ask about the accuracy or mastering a particular job

- How well does he speak French? / Excellent.

10 - How tall - are used to a question about the length or the length of a particular person

- How tall are you? / I'm 183 C.ms.

11 - How high - is used to ask for something high

- How high is that wall? / It's 3 meters.

12 - How wide - is used to ask about the offer, display objects

- How wide was the river? / It was ninety meters wide.

13 - How deep - is used to ask for depth

- How deep is the river? / 50 meters.

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E - What = Things - used (why), asking for the actor it is wise or effect of non-sapiens

- Examples:

- What made you angry? / His manners.

- What do you need? / A pencil.

Note: (What happened) use to ask about events - is used to ask about the events

- What happened in 1964? / In that year it signed a devastating earthquake.

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F - Who - is used to ask for the actor sapiens, and its meaning (of) or is

- Examples:

- Who can answer that question? / Jon can.

- Who came to visit you? / Jim and Sue.

- Who wants to come with me? / We do.

- Who is coming to the dinner tonight? / Jim and Mark.

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G - Whom - used to ask about the object sapiens, and its meaning (of) or is

- Examples:

- Whom did you see? / I saw George.

- Whom are you visiting? / My relatives.

- Whom should I talk to? / The secretary.

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H - Whose - used to ask about the property, and its meaning (to those) or who owns a certain thing

- Examples:

- Whose Key is this? / It's mine.

- Whose car is that? / It's my brother's car.

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I - Which - is used to ask for something that exists in the group, or choose something from the group, and its meaning (any) (or any of the things), and are used to choice

- Examples:

- Which car do you like? / B.M.W.

- Which colour do you like, black or yellow? / Yellow.

- I have two pens.

Which one do you want? / The blue one.

- Which book should I buy, this one or that? / That one.

30/7/2015

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Kinds of (S)

Types preposition (S)

- There are three types preposition (S), namely:

1 - Combine (S)

2 - Royal (S)

3 - single actor (S)

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- (S) combination, used in the case of the collection of names

- Examples:

- Boy / boys

- Cat / cats

- Pen / pens

- Dog / dogs

- Book / books

- Door / doors

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- (S) property, and always written with the comma, ('s), and used in the case of acquisition.

- Examples:

- The girl's book.

- My father's car.

- Jon's pen.

- Note: If the name is finished in a letter (S), which indicates that the name on the combination, here do not add character (s), only add a comma (') only.

- Examples:

- The girls' book.

- The boys' ball.

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- (S) used with the individual actor, and is added to a character (s) to act.

- Examples:

- He plays football.

- She cleans her car once a week.

- The sun shines every morning.

- Mark goes to school evry day.

- Note: Add the letter (s) and in the following conditions, namely:

1 - to be a single actor, or conscience and is (He, She, It).

2 - that the act be present simple.

- If the actor is not a single collection and do not add (s), or with pronouns (I, We, They).

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Formation of the plural

Combining formation

1 - can be configured in combination add character (s) to the singular.

- Examples:

- Bird / Birds

- Book / Books

- Map / Maps

- Window / Windows

- Cat / Cats

- Chair / Chairs

- Pen / Pens

- Pencil / Pencils

- House / Houses

- Horse / Horses

- Picture / Pictures

- Radio / Radios

- Studio / Studios

- Bamboo / Bamboos

2 - add character (es) to the name that ends in the letter (s, x, ch, sh), or Name Flee be finished in (z, o) and is preceded by a consonant.

- Examples:

- Dress / Dresses

- Gas / Gases

- Glass / Glasses

- Box / Boxes

- Tax / Taxes

- Watch / Watches

- Inch / Inches

- Branch / Branches

- Wish / Wishes

- Dish / Dishes

- Marsh / Marshes

- Fez / Fezzes

- Cargo / Cargoes

- Echo / Echoes

- Hero / Heroes

- Buffalo / Buffaloes

- Note: There are names end in the letter (ch), and shall be delivered to pronounce her light or thin, just suffice to add (s) to the end of the name.

- Note: the vowels (a, e, i, o, u)

- Examples:

- Monarch / Monarchs

3 - Names of single ended (f, fe), when the conversion to combine Nhdv (f, fe), and add (ves).

- Examples:

- Knife / Knives

- Life / Lives

- Wolf / Wolves

- Shelf / Shelves

- Loaf / Loaves

- Thief / Thieves

- Wife / Wives

4 - Names of single ended (ief, oof, eef, rf), when the conversion to add only the combination (s).

- Examples:

- Roof / Roofs

- Belief / Beliefs

- Gulf / Gulfs

- Dwarf / Dwarfs

- Reef / Reefs

- Safe / Safes

5 - There Hadh names of the group when loading single to combine.

- Examples:

- Man / Men

- Woman / Women

- Foot / Feet

- Tooth / Teeth

- Mouse / Mice

- Louse / Lice

- Note: There abnormal names added when the conversion from single to combine symbols (en)

- Examples:

- Ox / Oxen

- Note: There abnormal names remain the same when the conversion from single to combine

- Examples:

- Deer / Deer

- Duck / Duck

- Sheep / Sheep

- Fish / Fish, or Fishes

6 - single names ending in the letter (y) and preceded by incorrect character, when the conversion from single to combine, delete a character (y), and add (ies).

- Examples:

- Baby / Babies

- Story / Stories

- Cry / Cries

- Lady / Ladies

- Duty / Duties

7 - single names ending in the letter (y) and is preceded by a vowel, when the conversion from single to combine add (s).

- Examples:

- Boy / Boys

- Toy / Toys

- Day / Days

- Monkey / Monkeys

8 - There are English names of the origin of Other Languages, these names have Dag again in the case of conversion from single to combine.

And these cases are:

1 - names that end in (um), when the conversion of a single collection to turn (um) to (a).

2 - names that end in (on), when the conversion of a single collection to turn (on) to (a).

3 - names that end in (us), when the conversion of a single turn to collect (us) to (i).

4 - names that end in (a), when the conversion of a single collection to become (a) to (ae).

5 - names that end in (is), when the conversion of a single collection to turn (is) to (es).

- Examples:

- Analysis / Analyses

- Basis / Bases

- Crisis / Crises

- Thesis / Theses

- Hypothesis / Hypotheses

- Parenthesis / Parentheses

- Datum / Data

- Bacterium / Bacteria

- Medium / Media

- Criterion / Criteria

- Stimulus / Stimuli

- Formula / Formulae

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Count and Noncount Nouns

- The few names in English, the names that are added to the letter (s) or (es) when converting from the singular to the plural.

- The few names are the names that are preceded by the letter (a) if the name begins to incorrect character.

- The few names are the names that are preceded by a character (an) if the name begins in a vowel.

- Examples:

- Book / Books / a book / two book / several book / many book

few books / a few books

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- Uncountable nouns in English, are the names that have no plural.

- Uncountable nouns do not use the indefinite article with tools, such as, (a, an).

- Examples:

- Water / some water / much water / little water / a little water

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- Uncountable nouns and which treat single treatment list.

- Advice

- Information

- News

- Money

- Salt

- Coffee

- Bread

- Butter

- Pepper

- Ignorance

- Peace

- Poverty

- Weather

- Water

- Rain

- Music

- Sugar

- Milk

- Vocabulary

- Cheese

- Wealth

- Intelligence

- Sadness

- Violence

- Equipment

- Furniture

- Snow

- Rice

- Tea

- Food

- Luck

- Meat

- Knowledge

- Patience

- Happiness

- Transportation

- Note: we use the word (many) with countable nouns, and we use the word (much) with uncountable nouns

- Examples:

- I did not meet many friends on my way to home.

- I could find much information in that book.

- There is not enough news in this letter.

3/8/2015

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Using Verb Tenses

1 - Simple Present

- We use simple present to talk about :

a - Habitual actions (habits) :

- Examples:

- I go to school everyday.

- She drinks coffee every morning.

- They study for two hours every night.

- He always eats a sandwich for lunch.

b - General statements of fact :

- Examples:

- Waret consists of hydrogen and oxygen.

- The world is round.

- Water boils at 100 C.

- Cats eat meat.

c - Description of present state :

- Examples:

- liza is a clever girl.

- Adam is a poor man.

- She is an old woman.

- Our farm is locate in roma.

d - Conditionals, Type 1 :

- Examples:

- If i have a car, I will visit Petra.

- If he has enough money, he will buy a new car.

- If you don't invite me, I won't come to the party.

- She won't succeed if she doesn't.

- If it rains, they won't play football.

- Note :

1 - use with the present tense verb simple abstract verb, and if the perpetrator is solely whether the noun or pronoun like,

(He, she, it) here you must add (S) to abstract verb.

2 - There keywords determine the verb tense (Simple Present):

- Key words Simple Present

- every day , every week , every morning , every night

- once a day , daily , once a week , weekly , once a month , monthly , once a year , yearly , annually.

- twice , twice a day , twice a week , twice a month.

- three times , three times a day , three times a week.

- Adverbs of frequency

always , usually , sometimes , often , occasionally , generally , frequently , habitually , hardly , rarely , from time to time , never , seldom.

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2 - Simple Past

- We use the simple past to talk about an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past.

- Examples:

- I walked to school yesterday.

- I called John at nine last night.

- Ten years ago, the government deided to begin a food program.

- If she had enough money, she would buy a car.

- Note : We use past verb with the simple past.

- Key words Simple Past

- yesterday , last week , last month , last June , last year

- before , before 3 weeks , before 4 days , before 2 years , ....

- ago , 2 months ago , 4 years ago , 5 minutes ago , ...

- once

- In the past

- In 2007 , in 1965 , in 2002 , ...

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3 - Simple futuer

- We use simple future to talk about events that will happen in the futuer.

- There are three formats in order to create simple future and are :

a - will / shall + base verb

shall / with (I , we)

will / with (I , we , you , they , he , she , it)

- Examples:

- He will finish his work tomorrow.

- Lara will wash the dishes later.

b - Be going to + base verb / Be = am , is , are

- Examples:

- He is going to finish his work tomorrow.

- She is going to wash the dishes later.

- They are going to play a new game next weekend.

c - Be + ing / Be = am , is , are

- Examples:

- I'm seeing him later.

- She is finishing her work tomorrow.

- Note: The use of (Will) and (Be going to) are quite have the same meaning, but the difference between them is, that the use of (Be going to) be in the case of pre-planning to do in order to do the act in the future as for (Will) Be in a state planning now to speak of time in order to carry out the act in the future, without prior planning.

- Key words Simple Future

- Tomorrow , next week , In an hour , After , In the future , soon

- Later , the following , the coming , then , in 2227 , ...

7/8/2015

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4 - Present continuous

We use present continuous to talk about an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking.

It began in the recent past, is continuing at present, and will probably end at some point in the future.

- Form : (am , is , are) + verb + ing

- Examples:

- John is sleeping right now.

- I need an umbrella because it is raining.

- I am taking five courses this semester.

- John and Mary are talking on the phone.

- We are studying English grammar now.

- Key words Present continuous

- nowadays , look! , Listen! , Be quiet! , Be careful , Hurry up , Watch out .

- now , at this moment , at this time .

- Note: There is a never-ending set of actions in the present continuous verb in + ing

And it is divided into the following sections:

1 - verb to be

It is not permissible to add (ing) to the verb to (be)

- Examples:

- He is hungry now.

2 - senses verb (Senses)

It is not permissible to add (ing) to the verb of the senses which follows:

(hear , taste , smell , see)

- Examples:

- I hear a noise.

- This food tastes good.

- I smell gas.

- I see a butterfly.

3 - perception verb (Mental Activity)

It is not permissible to add (ing) to the verb of a perception follows:

(Know , Believe , Think , Understand , Recognize , Remember , Forget , Mean)

- Examples:

- I know this phone number.

- I believe his story.

- I think he is a kind man.

- I understand your problem now.

- I don't recognize him.

- I remember my first teacher.

- I forget his name.

- I mean this book, not that book.

4 - Possession verb (Possession)

It is not permissible to add (ing) to the Possession verb follows:

(possess , own , have , belong)

- Examples:

- He possesses many fine qualities.

- She owns a house.

- He has a car.

- That belongs to me.

5 - Attitudes verb (Attitudes)

It is not permissible to add (ing) to the Attitudes verb follows :

(want , prefer , need , appreciate , love , like , hate , dislike , seem , look , appear)

- Examples:

- I want to leave now.

- He prefers to stay here.

- I need some help.

- I appreciate your help.

- I love my family.

- I like this book.

- She hates dishonesty.

- I dislike this book.

- He seems to be a nice person.

- She looks cold.

- He appears to be a sleep.

5 - Past continuous

We use past continuous with simple past to talk about two actions occurred at the same time, but one action began earlier and was in progress when the other action accurred.

- Form : (was , were) + verb + ing

- Examples:

- While I was sleeping, the telephone rang.

- While I was walking down the street, it began to rain.

- I was standing under the tree when it began to rain.

- While I was cooking, I burnt my finger.

- Key words Past continuous

- While , As .

- when .

- Note :

1 - in the past continuous sentence if there is (While, As) Immediately followed by the past continuous tense.

- Examples:

- While I was studying, the bell rang.

2 - in the past continuous sentence if there is (When) Immediately followed by the simple past tense.

- Examples:

- He was studing when his mother called him.

6 - Future continuous

We use future continuous to talk about an activity that will be in progress at a time in the future.

- Form : (will , shall) + be + verb + ing

- Examples:

- I will be studing when you come.

- He will be watching the football match.

- I am going to be studying at the library.

- I will be teaching at school tomorrow morning at this time.

- Key words Future continuous

- At this time .

- Future .

13/8/2015

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7 - Present Perfect

1 - the present perfect expresses the idea that something happened (or never happened) before now, at an unspecified time in the past .

- Note: If we mentioned in the sentence time indicates the past tense, become a sentence in the simple past tense.

- Examples:

- I have finished my work .

- I finished my work yesterday . ---- Simple Past

2 - The present perfect is used to refer to a recent activity with present results .

- Examples:

- Bill has eaten my dinner .

- I have is nothing left for me to eat .

- Form / have , has + past participle (p.p)

have = I , we , you , they .

has = he , she , it .

- Examples:

- They have moved into a new apartment .

- Have you ever visited London .

- I have never seen snow .

- Note: In the last two examples, we used (ever) with the question, and we used (never) with negative.

- Key words

- Just / already / ever / never / for / since / up to now / so

- far / lately / at last / recently / many times .

- Yet - , with negative.

- Examples:

- I have met many people since I came .

- She has studied for three hours .

- I have flowed on an airplane many times .

- She has just drunk the milk .

- Tom has already come .

- Have you visited London recently .

- Has she ever been to Cairo .

- I have never arrived late .

- he has lived in Roma for two months .

8 - Past Perfect

- We use the past perfect to talk about an activity that was completed before another activity in the past .

- Note: We use the word (After) Past Perfect, And after the word (Before) simple past.

- Form / Had + past participle (p.p)

- Examples:

- yesterday, I had eaten my breakfast before I went to school .

- Before he left, he had written a letter yesterday .

- After I had closed the window, I went to bed .

- After he had brushed his teeth last night, he went to bed .

- He went home after he had done his work .

- Before he went home, he hed done his work .

- By the end of last year, I had finished my work .

- They had stopped shouting by the time the teacher arrived .

- When I arrived at the party, Jim had already gone home .

- Key words

- After / Before / By the time + simple past / By + past .

- When .

9 - Future Perfect

- The future perfect expresses an activity that will be completed in the future .

- Form / will + have + past participle (p.p)

- Examples:

- She will have finished her work by the time her husband comes .

- They will have built the bridge by 2008 .

- The employee will have finished his work by 12 o'clock .

- Jim will have graduated by the year 2018 .

- Key words

- By the time + verb (simple present)

- By + future time .

2/9/2015

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10 - Present Perfect Continuous

- We use the present perfect continuous to talk about the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to the present.

- Form / has , have + been + (verb + ing)

- Examples:

- I have been sitting here since seven o'clock.

- She has been studying for five hours.

- I have been living in London since 2005.

- How long has he been playing?

He has been playing for two hours.

- The baby has been crying all the night.

- Key words

- Since - for - all

11 - Past Perfect Continuous

- We use the past perfect continuous to talk about the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity in the past.

- Form / had + been + (verb + ing)

- Examples:

- The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him.

- The patient had been waiting in the emergency room for an hour before the doctor finally treated him.

- Key words

- before - for

9/9/2015

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