English grammar 4

Adverbial Phrases

* Types of Adverbial Phrases :

1 - Adverbial Phrases of Cause (Reasons)

2 - Adverbial Phrases of Purpose

3 - Adverbial Phrases of Result

4 - Adverbial Phrases of Concession and Contrast

5 - Adverbial Phrases of Condition

-----

1 - Adverbial phrases of cause (Reason)

- Because

- Since

- As

- As long as

- So long as

- Now that

* Because + clause (subject + verb) + reason

- Because of

- Due to

* Because of + (Noun) or (Gerund) or (Being + adj)

- All previous statements, linking the two sentences, and the previous statements site either mid-sentence, and either in the beginning of the sentence.

- Examples:

- He went to hospital because he was ill.

- He went to bed because he was sleepy.

- because he was sleepy, He went to bed.

- Now that the exam is finished, I am going to rest a few minutes.

- I am going to rest a few minutes now that the exam is finished.

- She didn't go to school because she was ill.

- Because of her illness, She didn't go to school.

- Because of being ill, She didn't go to school.

- Because of being jealous, she is always upset.

- I couldn't do all the work because the time was short.

- Due to the shortness of time, I couldn't do all the work.

- because he studied hard, he succeeded in his exam.

- Because of being late, I didn't see the doctor.

- Due to the hardness of the work, we didn't continue.

2 - Adverbial phrases of purpose

- To

- So as to

- In order to

* To + Base form + Purpose

- So that

- In order that

* So that + Subject + Modal + Base form

- All previous statements, linking the two sentences, and the previous statements site either mid-sentence, and either in the beginning of the sentence.

- Examples:

- Jim went to the library to study.

- Read so as to increase your knowledge.

- We keep meat in a refrigerator so that it will not spoil.

- To get better luck, work harder.

- He opened his umbrella so that he wouldn't get wet.

3 - Adverbial phrases of result

- ,so

- ,and so

- ,thus

- ,hence

- .Therefore,

- .Consequently,

- .As a result,

- All previous statements, linking the two sentences, comes before reason, and then comes an expected result, and the previous statements site in the middle of the sentence.

- Examples:

- It was very cold.Therefore, we cancalled the party.

- I had a short time, thus I couldn't do the job.

- I couldn't do the job because I had a short time.

- because I had a short time, I couldn't do the job

- He didn't study, hence he didn't succeed.

- It was raining. As a result, I stayed at home.

4 - Adverbial phrases of concession (contrast)

A -

- Although

- Though

- Even though

- In spite of the fact that

- Despite the fact that

* Although + Clause (Subject + Verb)

- In spite of

- Despite

* In spite of + (Noun) or (Gerund) or (being + adjective)

- All previous statements, linking the two sentences, comes before reason, and then comes an unexpected result, or the result of contradictory, and the previous statements site in the middle of the sentence, or in the beginning of the sentence.

- Examples:

- Although it was cold, they went to swim.

- Even though it was raining, they went to the zoo.

- they went to swim although it was cold

- In spite of being tired, I didn't go to bed early.

- Although Jim was ill, he went to school.

- Jim was ill, hence he didn't go to school.

- Jim didn't go to school because he was ill.

- because of his illness, Jim didn't go to school.

- Even though he didn't study hard, he got good grades.

- In spite of his weakness, he accepted the challenge.

B -

- ,still

- ,yet

- ,but

- ;However,

- ;Even so,

- ;Nevertheless,

* ,still + clause (subject + verb)

- Examples:

- It was cold;However, I went swimming.

- He wasn't tired, still he went to bed early.

- His work was bad, but he was given the prize.

- Although his work was bad, he was given the prize.

*******

* phrase (On the other hand)

- .On the other hand,

- The phrase used to connect between the two sentences, their type of comparison.

- Examples:

- I usually walk quickly.On the other hand, my friend usually walks slowly.

*******

* phrase (On the contrary)

- .On the contrary,

- The phrase used to connect between the two sentences, the first sentence be negative.

- Examples:

-The film was not boring.On the contrary, it was interesting.

- Jim is very short.On the other hand, his parents are tall.

- The English exam wesn't difficult.On the contrary, it was easy.

2/12/2015

----------------------------------------------------

5 - Adverbial Phrases of Condition :

- If

- Provided that

- Providing that

- Unless = if not

* Conditionals

- Type 1

If + subject + simple present, subject + will + base verb

-Note:

1. the conditional sentence, use the tool condition, and the condition, and answer condition.

2. you can use ( -Provided that), ( -Providing that), Allowance (if) And given the same meaning.

3. use the tool condition (If), at the beginning of the sentence, and used in the middle of a sentence.

- Examples:

- If i have enough time, I will come tomorrow.

- I will come tomorrow, If i have enough time.

- If you don't study, you will not (won't) succeed.

- Unless you study, you will not succeed.

- She will not succeed, unless she studies.

- We will be late, if we don't hurry.

- Unless we hurry, we will be late.

- Type 2

- If + subject + simple past, subject + would + base verb

-Note:

1. use with the condition statements, type two simple past tense, and use with camel answer condition, (Modal) , (would, could, should) .

- Examples:

- If i studied, i would succeed.

- I would succeed, If i studied.

- If he came early, he would meet the doctor.

- If i had money, i would buy a new car.

- Unless i came early, i wouldn't meet Jim.

***

-Note:

1. when talking about the past is real, or the past impossible, use (were) with (i), and that instead of

(Was) with (i), continued the following example.

2. this last type is called impossible, or the past is real, (Unreal Past).

- If I were you, i would study hard.

- If i were rich, i would help the poor.

- Type 3

- If + subject + past perfect, subject + would + have + p.p

-Note:

1. use with the condition sentences, type II, and use past tense with a camel answer condition, acts

(Modal), (would, could, should) with (have) + p.p.

- Examples:

- If i had studied, i would have succeeded.

- If you had wanted to succeed, you would have wasted time.

- I wouldn't have bought a car, if i hadn't had enough money.

- If she had had money, she would have bought a new car.

**************************************

************************

**********

- Reported Speech

-There are two kinds of speech are:

1 - (Direct Speech)

2 - (Indirect Speech , Reported Speech)

- Examples:

- Mark said, "I clean the car evrey day". - Direct Speech

- Mark said that he cleaned the car evrey day. - Indirect Speech , Reported Speech

- General Rules

1- Change of Pronouns

2- Change of Tense

10/6/2016

----------------------------------------------------

Change of tense

Words that denote direct speech near, when converting to indirect speech change these words to far, as in the following table:

- Examples:

1 – She said, “I watch TV every day”.

She said that she watched TV every day.

2 – “I go to school every day”. Linda said.

Linda said that she went to school every day.

3 – Linda said, “I will buy a new mobile”.

Linda said that she would buy a new mobile.

4 – Lara said, “My father lives in London”.

Lara said that her father lived in London.

5 - Lara said, “My father lived in London”.

Lara said that her father had lived in London.

6 – Mark said, “I am watching TV”.

Mark said that he was watching TV.

7 - Mark said, “I have watched TV”.

Mark said that he had watched TV.

8 – Linda said, “I will watch TV tomorrow”.

Linda said that she would watch TV the following day.

9 – Linda said, “I am going to watch TV tomorrow morning”.

Linda said that she was going to watch TV the following morning.

10 – Mark said, “I can watch TV”.

Mark said that he could watch TV.

11 - Mark said, “I could watch TV”.

Mark said that he could watch TV.

12 – Linda said, “I must watch TV”.

Linda said that she had to watch TV.

13 – My brother said, “Watch TV”.

My brother told me to watch TV.

14 – Mark said, “ I’m busy now”.

Mark said that he was busy then.

15 – They said, “We are busy now”.

They said that they were busy then.

16 – Mark said, “I was busy”.

Mark said that he had been busy.

*******

Note:

1 – if already in the sentence in time past, like (Said, asked, told), convert the sentence into the indirect speech

2. If the sentence already tense, like (Say, saying, I will say, I have said, are saying, had said), we do not convert the sentence into the indirect speech.

- Examples:

1 – Linda says, “I like tea”.

Linda says that she likes tea.

2 – They have said, “They made a good beginning”.

They have said that they made a good beginning.

3 – Linda says, “I’m very busy”.

Linda says that she is very busy.

*******

Note: there already acts (Said) used to convert direct speech, to indirect speech, and these actions are the following:

1 – Told

2 – Claimed

3 – Boasted

4 – Suggested

5 – Recommended

6 – Explained

7 – Regretted

8 – Denied

9 – Admitted

10 – Confessed

11 – Announced

12 – Declared

13 – Complained

12/6/2016

----------------------------------------------------

Indirect Questions / Wh-Questions 

Examples:

1 – He said, “Where do you live?” .

He asked me where I lived.

2 – “Where did you live?” .

He asked me where I had lived.

3 – Jim said, “ When can I se the film?”

Jim asked when he could see the film.

4 – Tom said, “When can you call me, Jim?” .

Tom asked Jim when he could call him.

5 – Mark said, “Why will you buy a car, Jim?” .

Mark asked Jim why he would buy a car.

6 – The manager said, “Where is mark?” .

The manager asked where mark was.

7 – the mother said, “Why don’t you eat meat, Linda?” .

The mother asked Linda why she didn’t eat meat.

8 – He said to me, “do you live in London?” .

He asked me If I live in London.

9 – He said, “Can you speak English, Linda?” .

He wanted to know if she could speak English.

-Note:

1 – there are words used in interrogative sentence or question in indirect speech, such as a Word

Asked

Wondered

Enquired

wanted to know

*******

Indirect Commands or requests

Examples:

1 – The teacher said, “Open the door” .

The teacher asked me to open the door.

2 - The teacher said, “Don’t open the door” .

The teacher asked me not to open the door.

3 – She said to her friend, “Buy me a pen, please!” .

She told her friend to buy her a pen.

4 – The old man said, “Don’t spend all your money, Save some for the future” .

The old man advised me not to spend all my money and to save some for the future.

5 – She said, “Watch TV” .

She told me to watch TV.

-Note:

1 – there are words used in command or request sentence in direct speech, such as a Word

Told

Commanded

Asked

Prayed

Advised

Begged

13/6/2016

----------------------------------------------------

Language Functions

13/6/2016

----------------------------------------------------

Probability

-We express probability, in the following cases:

1 - Use of verb (Modals) , (Must, can, could ,may ,might ,can’t)

-------

(can, could ,may ,might)

Former acts used to express the probability of the event.

Examples

The weather is cod, it may rain.

I can’t see Jim, he might be at the library.

It’s not very difficult question, she could answer it.

-------

(must)

Already used, to express confirmation of the event.

Jim isn’t in the class, He must be ill.

-------

(can't)

Already used, to express that the event occurred.

The weather is very hot, It can’t rain.

-------

2 – Using (Adjective of probability)

Likely

Probable

Possible

Unlikely

improbable

Impossible

-Note: there is a rule to use Adjective of probability are It is + (Adjective of probability) + that

Examples

It is possible that he will arrive at 8 o’clock.

It is impossible that he will arrive on time.

The weather is very hot, it is improbable to rain.

I got up early, so I am probable to arrive on time.

3 – Using (Adverb of probability)

Possibly

Probably

Definitely

Impossibly

Improbably

May be

Sure

Surely

Certainly

Examples

They may be answer the questions if they study.

The questions may not be answered if they don’t study.

Improbably, they will answer the difficult question.

Impossibly, it will snow in June.

You are very certain that the train will arrive on time.

The train will definitely arrive on time.

20/6/2016

----------------------------------------------------