hundred word in management

* Management: art or science?

Note at the evolution of human societies since ancient times to the present day, we conclude significant growth in production and exchanges, both at the aggregate level or the individual, and this development has accompanied the substantial growth in size foundation, and the degree of complexity within these institutions, and that is a factor in this growth engine, resulting in the gradual emergence of new problems, all these problems have emerged about the modalities and methods allow the development of a set of procedures and laws related to the behavior, and ensure that these procedures and laws to institutions more effective activity, and thus management has become the most coverage area of party these laws and procedures.

The administration also is the case in proportion to medicine, management practice appeared originally in order to respond to specific needs, and in the proportion it comes to medicine in the treatment of diseases and injuries, and the administration expanded to the organization of production and maintain the products (mainly agricultural products in the form), in order to satisfy the needs of consumption and production of other materials, and in the beginning it was both medicine and management are technical or art, and which is designed to intervene in the natural way to walk in man, and change the way in this direction corresponds to the human interest, and in both cases we can say that (how) prior to (why).

Administration and characterized until recently in the trial later, and the administration was essentially is a scientific process and not a process of analytical, and was limited to the role of the administration in finding concrete answers to the problems at hand, and it was not rules and procedures that are the subject of endoscopy prepared without doubt, and that the cause of the nature of the administration of the pragmatism, and also associated with diversity in the privacy of existing cases or coincidence,Today things are different, where there is a real thinking in many areas of this jurisdiction.

* Create institutions

The management concept and the concept of institution can not be separated from each other, and in that the initial and primary role in the administration, is to organize and monitor the institutions activity in the regular image, and can not give definition to the concept of management without prior appointment to institutions.

Note that modern economies allows the detection of a variety of commercial systems, and called on the institutions of these systems, and if it is necessary to question the common factors, and that will allow the collection of heterogeneous units in one group.

However, the establishment of an institution is still a big risk, as the National Institute of Statistics and refers to economic studies (INSEE) that 45% of these institutions stopped its activity after 5 years of incorporation, and for that all efforts must be made to preserve the institutions, and also support the activity of these institutions, and that in fact thisInstitutions are a source of wealth and the development of economies, and also indicates that (Joseph Schumpeter), in that the institution Builder is foremost innovative idea.

* Social Economy

The concept of the social economy emerged during the years of the seventh decade of the twentieth century, and is located between the middle of the road between the private sector and the public sector, and accept the competition, but this concept gives priority to some of its principles, such as the lack of individual distribution to profits, and democracy, which is based on the principle of one person one vote means, and means collective benefit of social benefit, and can classify the social economy, in an image or other form is associations and cooperative organizations.

* Regulation

Should the decision-maker, and who is at the top of the administrative arrangement, that empowers and gives powers to subordinates, and determine the modalities of this authorization the internal structure of the organization in the organization, which consists of three basic elements:

1 - tasks that must be done.

2 - the roles of actors and workers within the institution.

3 - related links between tasks and roles within the organization.

The choice of methods for organizing institution is an important decision, and exercise structures specific impact on the performance of the organization and activity, and that in fact these structures determine the framework, which will exercise the activity within the institution, and in particular where the image will be administrative tracks.

* Functional organization

The evolution of functional organization, and that is mainly in the central institutions, and began in the twentieth century, and the principle of functional organization, to collect similar logistics activities with in the organization, such as, (Human resources, financial resources, technology, etc.), in a range of sections, and each section provides a report to the central authority in the organization, and which bears this power and department heads burden administrative activities.

* Multi-branch organization

Multi-branch structure in the United States appeared in the middle of the twentieth century, on the basis that a response to the limited functional organization, and was the first institutions that have adopted this concept, (Gen.Motors) in the cause of the size of the institution, and (Dupont de Numur) in the cause of diversity of products.

And the principle of this structure is to carry out the order of synthesis on a bilateral basis (product, market), such as trucks and private cars Branch Branch and auto parts and truck parts Branch, and enjoy each pair in the independence and wide, if the branch is responsible bear the burden associated with the overall bilateral activities, and including the development of the branch that is in charge of the receipt of this administration.

* Model Taylor

Model Taylor appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century in the United States of America - usa, and that relative to the (Frederick Taylor) in 1917, and this model stems from the idea that the organization of work and tasks, it can beThe subject of science, which later led to the emergence of the scientific organization of work (OST).

And model Taylor is a pattern of organization, which is based on the division of labor into small tasks and simple and refined, and is saved in these tasks easier and applied according to strict procedures and standardized, the work of managersIt is essentially the task of guarding and control, and so there is a unique way for each activity and optimal to act (One Best Way).

* Horizontal organization

This type of organization aims to reduce the number of ranks in the organizational arrangement, and that by giving responsibility to the lower ranks, and it causes in making decisions circle shorter, and this requires regulation a significant investment in training, in order to develop multiple skills and competencies of employees.

And not rare to find up to eight levels of organizational arrangement, including the head of the field frames and general manager, and is double the levels of monitoring and reporting tasks in each level whether it be in accordance with to the function or according to the branch (Reporting). And this change is accompanied by the organization in the development of responsibilities

(Middle Management) Who receives tasks usually devolves to higher or lower levels directly.

* Retina Foundation

Designed this type of institutions on the basis of a set of cells that engage in dialogue with each other, for a common goal is to satisfy the wishes of customers who have become more demanding, and so the concept is based institution network elements such as independence and responsibility, and these elements be able to respond to events respond to the rules that have already been placed instead.

These institutions are very close to the market, allowing the leadership in this type of institutions in the pattern of thinking institution (institutional) thinking on the one hand, and on the one hand another institution will be able to quickly adapt to every development in colostrum internal organization.

And retinal institutions and dubbed (reciprocity institutions), is capitalism structures within the value-added chain itself, and so the institution become a center activates a network of donor institutions to pledge, and as a result to that institution borders disappear.

* Virtual Enterprise

Newly emerged a new type of institution, called (default Foundation), and that the cause of the IT and communication sector growth, and it comes in a network of independent institutions that participate in resource efficiency and the virtue of modern technology, and can be found on partners in data banks and building relations between the institutions, even if these institutions geographically distant, and did not return to this institutions limits, and seize the opportunities are because they are not based on the structure of the structure, and in another concept, this institution is established in order to exploit a particular market, then disappear after the demise of these institutions need.

* Future institutions

In recent years, a new generation of less bureaucracy and institutions more flexible and geared towards the core activity, and is no longer aimed at integrating the maximum number of jobs, but aims to sufficiency in efficiency or these core competencies owned institutions, and on the level of internal activity, and make the rest of the activity performed in the market, through third parties, such as suppliers and partners and contractors.

These new institutions and multiple properties, as we talk about, the retina institutions or institutions of reciprocity, and Clinical institutions or Laboratory institutions or institutions, in order to then access to the ferry more general, and this phrase is the future institutions.

* First production

The production of goods or services is one of the common features between all institutions, but that production can not exist unless the procurement of necessary factors, and then these essential factors enter into the institution,For this reason often it is expanding production, to include procurement and financial management to the surpluses of Supply and Distribution, and everything associated in defining the technical characteristics of the products and procedures to stop, and that is the adoption of these products and procedures in preferred engineers efficient, and which are in the nature of the case outside the purely management field, and with the effective management of production must thing for taking into account several aspects, In addition to other functions such as marketing, accounting, control, management, finance, human resources.

The role of management is to ensure the production organization and production process of the course, in the most effective image, and the production management affect the prominent image of the institution's ability to compete, but more than this and general considerations, it is the beginning of production and the end of each institution, it does not exist without the production to sales, and in the end does not exist to the institution.

Economists and class factors of production into three types:

1 - work, that is, persons and efficiency.

2 - capital, equipment, and techniques.

3 - raw materials.

* Sales and trading and distribution

Institutions not only in production, but it must be on the institution to trade (trade in goods produced), and to distribute the products, and to sell products, and the scope is no longer characterized by the scarcity, but in the renewable markets, and these markets have become highly competitive, and consumers have become more demanding, and for this Institutions should take into account the ability of consumers, through decisions focus within the organization the in-depth studies, and these studies relate to the needs and desires of real customers or customers reservists.

* Accounting

Accounting is the core technology in order to record the activities that have been completed within the institutions, and the memory is started and that restrict ongoing operations, as well as the processes that the organization intends to do with others, and carried out by these entities with the institution, and the institution aims to provide financial liquidity, through the financial assessment and cash flow in all operations and real inventory, information and finance, which allows in its role in evaluating the performance of the enterprise and helping to make decisions.

* Finance

Each institution needs to financial means in order to continue and develop, in order to do so, the financial officer all that interested in the overall activities of the institution, whether these activities in the short term orIn the long term, and in doing three basic tasks:

1 - ensure the financing of production day after day.

2 - bring the financial means (investments) necessary for production in the long term, through the financing of investment and growth.

3 - access to financial means at the best price in order to avoid overloading the organization's expenses.

- Financial analysis

Can be defined as financial analysis, in that the overall diagnostic tools and methods, in order to assess the financial situation of the institution and its performance, and may be prepared from the beginning of party officials in the banks, and whoHope before making any decision with respect to the granting of loans, the ability to know the customers, to meet the financial obligations, and debt owed by the institution when attending the deadline date.

And interest in financial analysis prerequisites are:

1 - harmony in the financial liquidity, any liquid assets in terms of converting these assets into money and money and debt dues.

2 - harmony between use and resources, according to the foundation courses, this exploitation on the one hand and investment policies.

* Manage people

The emergence of human problems, in consideration of these problems is the most important concern to managers today, not only in practice but also in ideas, and does not look at the person in the organization, as seen at the beginning of the twentieth century, and people management is of paramount importance in order to ensure good activity in the institutions, nor is the people in the organization that they are simple productivity factors, only at the stage access (Input) integration process in the production of products, but people, they are the head of real money and must be preserved and developed.

- Human Resource Management

After the evolution and development of an environmental institutions within the institution, it occupies the status of human resources in terms of increasing importance in all institutions, and this important show through organizing institutions in the mode characteristics the following:

1 - the evolution of the organizational chart, and function of human resources occupy a secondary position is no longer, but Human Resources management has become a complete management and independent today.

2 - the change in terminology, such as personnel officer, instead it uses, the Director of Human Resources, or the human and social development director.

3 - changed jobs, and workers responsible is no longer just a technical costly in employment and salaries, and demobilization, and discipline in the organization.

* Monitoring

The institutions must be sure that the desired results are compatible with expectations, and in the contrary case, these results are working to redirect operations, and is the basic requirement for success, through the ability ofInstitutions to compare the reality with expectations, and differences that is the conclusion of these differences analysis, and conclusion reasons and correct deviations in particular take the necessary reserves, in order to be reaction as short as possible.

And the observation in this dual task (guard, debugging), and the role and even the time confined in close technical and financial control in particular, and this observation was named in budget control.

* Media

Is no longer the traditional model in organizing Industrial Corporation, which was relatively simple in line with the times, I've gone the time when the manager is at the same time is the owner of the enterprise, and the owner of the establishment he plays the role of band leader, and he ordered his followers officials, these officials and their role in monitoring the heads of working groups, and heads of teams have their role in the revitalization of executives, and move information at ease in this form of organization, and from top to bottom, as well as simple and limited information content.

* Strategy

At the head of all special organizational arrangement in the organization or person administrative system, and called this person or the system to some extent now in large organizations, in the name of (public administration) or (Council executive), and his term (Board).

And the task here is not technology, but the task is to create the conditions and maintain tasks, which make technical functions work in an effective and consistent form, in order to achieve the objectives chosen.

And it lies to the fundamental role of public administration, through the development of a strategy to the enterprise, and ensure the implementation of this strategy in good shape, and in order to achieve that is to identify the organizational structures and the principles of people management, and public administration should check the budgets of resources between different organizational structures.

hundred word in management

Les 100 mots de la gestion

Dominique Roux

#management