Public opinion

* What is the general opinion

Commonly known as public opinion through a narrow perspective, in that it answers people for organized opinion polls questions, and that concerning public matters, but the fact that public opinion is more complicated than that, whereInvolving a mixture of permanent change of thoughts and feelings and behaviors, and ranging influences that make up the mixture of our experiences in childhood, and to another what we are in the conducting of the talks, and the greatest of these influences, is that the overwhelming flood of messages, and that we receive from the daily news.

And as it is in proportion to the important concepts in communication and journalism, such as the public and media presentation, that an agreement in Shan definition of public opinion, has proved to be an evil thing, and one of the waysIn this concept to fathom the complex, it is by definition divided into two parts, namely, (opinion) and (General), and take each section separately, and the meaning of the concept of the public, in general consideration is the antithesis to the crowd andAssembly, and is meant here is a specific group in good shape, and have clear boundaries and participate in the effectiveness of the dialogues specializes in respect of the key issues, and these issues that affect the community and society.

And the main objective of the concept of (public), is to stand a reasonable ES allows in a variety of operations, in order to take the decision in order to move forward, while maintaining the cohesion of the group and the community Long-term, and the important thing is that the public opinion does not consist of a single individual, and in following the formation of public opinion, communication is a social process.

* News media

- Contact the changing environment

Despite the controversy that is going on between now and the other, about the extent of the impact of the news, on many issues, but there is disagreement little about the fact, that there is a profound change in the landscape the news media in the past decade, and if we consider that the previous generations, was closely associated in the public affairs, and if its available access to many national television news networks, and its local channels, and state radio networks, and local newspapers, and radio news stations, and that interested observers and the follow the news, now have access to thousands of media outlets interested in public affairs, and in both pleased and easily, and at less cost.

- Traditional news organizations

1 - newspapers

It is no secret that the daily newspapers today suffer from a severe deterioration, in terms of the number of readers for decades, and the profit ratio of time, and in 2006, he found the center of the Pew Research relationship between the people and the press, that whatNearly 40% of those who only study conducted on them, they were attending to read the newspapers, then this ratio has shrunk to 34%, and were separated when reading the printed version for the online version, shows the participants in the study, reading proportion had fallen to 18% to the newspaper.

And in comparison with 1970, the number of readers of daily newspapers in the United States about 78% of the American people.

With the newspaper industry is fighting a war on two fronts today, the first is to focus on stopping the paper losses from the printed version, and the second is to prove the existence of these newspapers on the electronic version.

2 - TV

Gone are the dominance of television networks long ago, where the severe deterioration in the demand for network evening news, all this led to the creation of a broad changes in the dynamic sections of the news, in that TV news stations, and despite the fact that the public supervisor to an evening news program, can be up to eight million viewers, but this percentage dropped in programs that provide informationEspecially in public affairs, and the loss in the proportion of the public led to the loss in profitability and influence, and for that tended news sections in television networks, such as NBC, ABC, CBS, to make decisions in the provision of light forms of information and news, such as program Today Show, and provided by the station NBC or program (Good Morning America), and provided by the channel ABC and that instead of the main news Avenue, where the entertainment programs, and exotic forms of software, are the most profitable, and is leading the media today.

3 - radio, radio

In regard to the content of public affairs at the issue of public opinion, is more than just a traditional editing to the news, with the main change in the field of radio, is the emergence of talk shows the province, and there is a desire to make her talk shows tendencies to all that is conservative, and notes that the way in radio tend clarity to the direction of one Ideological trend only.

- Public affairs and entertainment programs

It has become the entertainment media, and who is also in the coverage of public affairs and discussed, has become a major phenomenon in recent years, and there entertaining nature of television programs, which offer a rangeAlso political cover.

Many different forces have played in this chapter of the strange history of journalism and the media, in terms of its relationship to the existing content on the entertainment, and the first is in all matters relating to the public, and the younger generationsSpecifically, it is known to be affected in great shape in the program Daily Show, and programs that are similar to this program, and some statistics indicate, that most of the young voters, they get most of the information about public affairs, through these programs, and which are based on entertainment.

* Edit News

Job journalists seem simple profession of virtual hand, journalists collecting information, and organize this information in a logical method, users and grammar intact, and an appropriate method, and then transferred that information through a medium easily accessible, consumers on the one hand, and words such as the word, (Collect), and (Send), and (looking), the words seem so simple.

And in any case is a profession more complicated than that in the press a lot, and there are many obstacles that must be overcome to the press, and which include the effects coming from many sources, and the pressure regulatory news organizations from inside and outside, and these pressures pose a pyramid of effects, and which consists of five patterns of influence on the news, where the journalist relies background, and work routine,And media organization, and external influences, and social and cultural sphere which employs the journalist.

And to look at the market served by media organizations, where he found that there are differences between the journalist, who works in a television news network station, and the journalist working for a local TV station, fromWhere the method of selection of international news, international news show where the news station, through a comprehensive global view and a variety of ideas, while the local TV news is on the contrary, and selects the international news from a local angle or look, and perhaps building at the local public demands, or perhaps through business pressures.

* Confidence in the News

Everyone knows that credibility was a key factor in connection, and I imagine (Aristotle) ​​that the credibility of the news consists of three dimensions, and are personal, efficiency, enthusiasm, and usually stationed these dimensions three in the heart of many research traditions, and this property is important to clear the source of the message content, and there is a practical guide to the recipient to report the source of the message, affect the overall yield in the letter.

Aware of the press and the media and has focused over the long decades, the credibility of the news in relation to a number of issues, and aspects of democracy and freedom of exchange of information, where he was addressing the issue of the credibility of the news from more than systematic research perspective, where some of the studies used survey research, in order to focus on the public perception of the credibility of the news media, while using Research certain other experimental methods in the study of the impact of alternative structures to the media message, the formation of multiple perceptions about the credibility of the news, and in addition to that, there are analyzes to the dimensions of the credibility of the news, And that reflect the vision of a cultural critic, and the multi-direction methods which looks at the credibility of the news, has led to many research results, and which is described at best, as the results of varying and inaccurate.

The research results are coordinated in relation to the credibility of the news, it can be traced back in great shape to a lack of a clear definition of conceptual them, as offers (Shyam Sunder) a brief introduction to her, and that is the general assessment to objective news, while focusing (Eric Boss) on the concept of (the possibility of ratifying) when discussing the credibility of the source of the message or the news, and when defining the credibility of the news, these two dimensions consistent in great shape with dimension the personal and dimension efficiency, located at the source in the literature of persuasion credibility, while that first little interest in research on the credibility of the news after enthusiasm.

* Formation of views

Despite the overwhelming evidence of the cognitive effect to the mass media on public opinion, however, that the role of the news in the formation of the views and attitudes of citizens in democracy, under the accusation throughout this essential search history in mass communication, and in fact a lot of focus on the creative work in this area on this issue, and the issue is still a great deal of importance to this day.

In spite of the lack of a theoretical framework confirms this simple relationship, however, researchers have called it (the needle under the skin model), and taken by the mass media, and have tested studies (Lazarsfield) to some extent assumptions based on this fictional form, and that by trying to identify the return on the follow-up radio and reading newspapers, on the priorities of voters during Elections Presidential, and contrary to what they expected, and found that the contacts between them occur more influence to change the priorities of the voters, which means the transition from candidate to another candidate, and is more than caused by mass communication, and in the end concluded that the role of the news media, is the role of reinforcement and not the role of the change.

* The impact of news on civilian life

News media plays a pivotal role in shaping public opinion, and works to facilitate the expression of public opinion in many ways, and in order to have a comprehensive understanding of this, we start at zero level, and isEveryone direct experience in the news media, and in order to gain experience, you should be a separation between exposure to media and attention in the media, and the use of media, and the mean exposure to the media literally, is or viewing material exposure to the news channel, and can to this experience, fit to be in a place where a television news program, or news excerpts broadcast via the web page, or read newspapers during breakfast, and there are significant differences in people's experience with the news media, where some people are exposed to the news several times a day, and these people may give this newsGreat attention, or just a superficial interest, and on the other end trying to avoid some of the people in the news as much as they can, and in the following that these individual differences into account has become more important in understanding differences in the concept of use, and satisfaction, and hunters who are considered primarily a psychological reaction in people with the news media, and may follow the two people in the same interesting political debate on TV, butI have understood from the perspective of the political conflict, and others may see it a source of information, about the people in the debate, and the positions of the candidate to certain issues.

And knowledge-based news media by the two communities of different factors, and are individual differences among citizens, and style reports and news programs, which provide information on the affairs general, both in terms of personnel affects the way individuals learn from the news, and the quality of information acquired by these individuals, and is a motivation factor in the acquisition of appropriate knowledge of civil, and the motives that lead to the exposure and attention to the news, these motives ranging from public motives, such as a sense of duty, to private motives, such as in the psychological sense of satisfaction associated with the topics certain, and is also Education is important, in terms of education creates significant cognitive gains, even with similar levels of media experience, and individuals with higher levels of education, they learn from media in faster rate than individuals with lower levels of education.

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