Special Education

* The concept of special education

Can be defined as special education, are among the educational methods of individual organization, which includes special education status, and materials and special equipment adapted to the methods and education curricula, and special educational methods and remedial measures are designed to help children with special needs, and that by achieving the maximum possible of self-sufficiency and personal, and academic success, and that the goal it envisages special education to accomplish, and it is not limited to the provision of a special curriculum or special educational methods, or even a special teacher, but the target includes a clarification of the fact that everyone can participate in community events, and that the right of every person to access to education, work, and integration in the community available to him.

And you know all of the (Hallahan, Kauffman), Special Education, is the kind of education, which are specifically designed, in order to satisfy the needs of those unusual in a child is normal, and who has a specific exception to an individual or a double, (multi-type private) needs, and may require the use of materials and special means, and certain teaching strategies, or specific services and devices.

* Special education classes (with special needs)

From the educational perspective, the concept refers people with special needs to the child or the person who deviates to or less than the normal average individual or the individual, in the following matters:

1 - mental characteristics.

2 - sensory capabilities.

3 - communication capabilities.

4 - the growth of social and emotional behavior.

5 - physical characteristics.

And that the deviation must be in degrees, it requires the child to the materials and teaching aids private, and private educational strategies, to every class of people with special needs, and to qualified cadres from in order to deal with each category, and it is of special education classes, and among those with special needs, which include the following:

1 - talent and excellence - Gifiedness.

2 - mental disabilities - Mental Impairment.

3 - hearing disabilities - Hearing Impairment.

4 - visual impairment - Visual Impairment.

5 - Learning Disabilities - Learning Disabilities.

6 - language and communication disorders - Communication Disorders.

7 - physical disability and health - Physical And Health Impairments.

8 - emotional and behavioral disorders - Emotional Impairment.

9 - autism - Autism Disorder.

10 - injuries resulting from the brain - Traumatic Brain Injury.

11 - accompanied by attention disorder of the locomotor hyperactivity - Learners With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

* Special education goals

There are targets for Special Education, and include the following:

1 - preventive goal: to raise awareness and includes in all its various forms, in order to reduce the causes of disability, and the World Health Organization has identified the meaning of Preventive trend in 1976, and the organization are those procedures and unintended, and which aims to reduce the occurrence or non-occurrence of the defect or negligence leading to the deficit in the physiological and behavioral functions, or when the individual.

2 - therapeutic goal: This goal will be after the occurrence of the disability, and have this goal in order to alleviate or minimize the effects, and caused by disability, and here are the rehabilitation of the individual with a disability and to exploit its potential and abilities to the maximum extent possible, and this is done through training.

3 - a functional purpose: and includes helping the child with special needs, and on the psychological and social adjustment, and here the psychological counseling and educational in its active role in the rehabilitation of people with needs own, and so by helping them to adapt to a disability, and reduce the negative effects.

4 - social goal: and includes help children with special needs, and by improving their abilities and achievements, and to increase their achievement in the areas of physical and mental, which suffer from functional failure there.

5 - an educational goal: and that is in private educational programming, to each category of special education classes, and selection of appropriate teaching methods to each class by relying on (Individualized Education plan), And on an individual education plan, also includes this goal, on the preparation of teaching aids and technology appropriate for each category, in addition to the educational preparation of qualified personnel, in order to deal with the education categories own.

6 - a humanitarian objective and democratic: This goal stems from the concept of equal opportunities for Jima members of society, through the provision of appropriate education and employment opportunities to the people with special needs, and through the integration of the important category of society, in various community activities, whether those activities, sports activities, or educational, or cultural, or educational, or recreational.

* The concept of disability, and the prevalence of disability

You know disabilities in physical or mental limit or reduce in great shape and remarkably injury, from the individual activities and life skills, and this individual is in need of equipment to help him navigate and movement, or the individual's dependence on other people, in order to carry out its activities in the individual, and the prevalence of disability from one community to another, and according to the circumstances of that society and economic conditions, social and vary health, for example, can be a percentage of disability in one of the communities equal to 20% and in another community 4%, According to WHO estimates in 1992, the proportion of disability in any a society equal to 10%.

* Causes of disability

It can be divided into causes of disability in the form of, for the following reasons:

1 - poverty and family situation.

2 - What causes before birth.

And include the following:

A - genetic factors.

And include genes prevailing,

(Dominant Genes), and is the prevailing strong qualities, and which bear the characteristics desirable, and enough of a single gene sometimes to the emergence of disability.

And gene vectors, (Carrier Genes), and genetic traits are unwanted, and that do not appear on the individual.

And recessive genes, (Recessive Genes), and are recessive genes, which are the characteristics of diseases and unwanted, and it is necessary to provide the number two of the genes occur even disability.

B - Non-genetic factors.

And are intended to factors that lead to the incidence of disability in pre-birth, and of these reasons and factors include: diseases of the pregnant mother, and exposure to radiation and radiation rays, and the abuse of drugs and alcohol, and water and air pollution.

C - causes during childbirth - Per natal Causes.

And the reasons are those that occur during the birthing process, where it can cause disability, and of these reasons, the same oxygen during the birthing process, and physical trauma.

3 - the causes of post-natal - Postnatal Causes.

And are the reasons that occur after the birth of the baby group, and of these reasons, malnutrition, and trauma and accidents, diseases and infections, and dystocia, and high blood pressure, and road accidents, and injuries during sports activities and physical, and wars.

* Educational alternatives to the people with special needs

Special education programs in a number of developments have passed during the past few decades, and in terms of ways and methods of providing various educational services, and in terms of starting in the most complex environment alternatives, and accommodation centers are full, and ends in a less complex environment, a social integration and which represents the ultimate goal in special education, and where these alternatives contain the following:

1 - full accommodation centers.

2 - Day education centers.

3 - special classes in regular schools.

4 - Academic merger.

5 - social integration.

* Cope with disability

A person with special needs face a huge number of pressures, which require that person to do the adaptation responses to a disabling condition and which suffers, and live in peace in the community, and here we can distinguish between three types of responses to the case of disability, and are the following:

1 - to surrender and submit to a disability, and a failure to adapt to the disability - Fragmenting Failure.

2 - Use the primary means of defense - Defending Anxiety.

3 - responses coexistence or dealing with disability - Coping Challenge.