What is genetic engineering and what are its applications?

Genetic engineering : also called genetic modification is the manipulation humane direct genetic material of the organism way that does not occur in natural conditions and include the use of recombinant DNA is that it does not include conventional breeding of plants and animals and Mutagenesis is any living organism is produced using these techniques, whoever rate Genetically. The bacteria are the first organisms that have been genetically engineered in 1973 and then followed by rats in 1974, has been selling insulin, which is produced by bacteria in the year 1982 while began selling GM food since 1994.

The genetic engineering is a technique that deals with genes, both human and animal in addition to the genes of microorganisms, or units genetic located on chromosomes chapter They arrived and entry to parts of them from one object to another for the purpose of creating a state was able to learn the function (gene) or in order to increase the amount of material resulting About expressed or with the aim of completing the lack of it in the target cell.

Requires the most common form of genetic engineering, the introduction of new genetic material at an unspecified location of the host gene. This can be achieved by isolating and copying the genetic material of the relationship, and the generation of a build that includes all of the elements in order to obtain the genetic expression of hereditary right and then enter the building in the host organism. Contain other forms of genetic engineering and gene targeting specific genes using hit (Nucleases) Engineer Nucleases such as zinc finger (in English: Zinc-Finger Nuclease) or enzymes guidance (in English: Homing Endonucleases) genetically modified.

Applied genetic engineering techniques in several areas including research, biotechnology and medicine, and is currently producing drugs such as insulin and human growth hormone in bacteria, used mice such as mouse tumors (in English: OncoMouse) and mice inactivated genetically (in English: Knockout Mouse) for the purposes of scientific research and the production of crops resistance to insects and - tolerant crops or pesticides were marketed commercially.

Has been the development of plants and animals genetically engineered able to produce drugs less expensive than current methods by using the method of Biotechnology (called pharmacy biological or animal), and in 2009 the Food and Drug Administration approval to sell the protein drug called antithrombin (in English: Antithrombin), which is produced in the milk of genetically engineered goats.

Amended the definition of genetic engineering

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The genetic engineering to modify the genetic makeup of an organism using techniques provide material and genetic attending outside the organism either directly into the host or inside a cell integrate or Hybridization process with the host. This process requires the use of DNA techniques recombinant (DNA or RNA) to form new combinations of genetic material inherited followed by mixing this material either indirectly by using the bus system or directly via insemination techniques and microscopic injection macro and micro-encapsulation. Does not include genetic engineering, conventional breeding of plants and animals and in vitro fertilization and provide polyploidy and mutagenesis techniques merge cells that do not use nucleic acids genetically modified or organisms genetically modified in the process.

[1] can be used genetic engineering within the research of cloning and stem cells even though they are not considered Engineering hereditary

[2] but it is closely related to them.

[3] Synthetic biology is an emerging system, which advanced genetic engineering step forward by providing the genetic material of synthetic industrial raw materials to a living organism.

[4] If the added genetic material from other species to the host; the resulting objects are called Article genetically modified. But if the genetic material used is of the same type or of the type that can spawn him with a natural parent, the resulting object is called object-related (Cisgenesis).

[5] can also use genetic engineering to remove the genetic material of the target object.

[6 ] which creates a being disabled. The genetic modification in Europe synonymous with genetic engineering while using the same word in the United States to refer to the traditional methods of reproduction.

[7] Genetic engineering applications in medicine, research, industry, agriculture, can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and micro-organisms.

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There are many applications of genetic engineering, including:

Production of certain drugs in large quantities: Insulin is the first human medicines manufactured by way of genetic engineering in 1982. As possible through this geometry to obtain the clotting factor and human factors dissolve a blood clot.

The production of hormones in large quantities: such as growth hormone in humans.

Some vaccines, such as the production of a vaccine viral hepatitis B.

The production of genetically modified organisms: vegetables such as resistance to the plague and the bacterial infection and also remain fresh for a longer period of natural vegetables.

Some examples:

According to the Journal of the American folder 13 April 4, 1997 as follows:

In 1981 explained (WJ Corden) and his colleagues at Yale University: that the fetus enriched Veristtia that integrates genetic material strange (DNA) in the chromosomes (Morthath) and then came Scientists from the University (Ohio), who demonstrated that a gene (which is a piece of DNA that codes for a protein particular, taken from the rabbit can lead his job in the mouse after injection into mouse embryo and single-cell) and it was amazing that the scientists observed that the DNA strange and injected cells from rabbit to mouse cells quickly integrates with recipes mouse, and are likely to be recognized by the cell as a broken piece of own DNA, which needs renovation.

In 1987 another important discovery appeared to transgenic animal, has a group of scientists to devise ways to activate foreign genes in the mammary gland of the rat was a result of the formation of protein molecules strange and secreted in the milk of transgenic mouse.

The outcome of this research inimitable on the possibility of the production of the human protein (plasminogen activator) through the introduction of human gene holder of this trait in the cells producing milk in an animal selected, for the result to come out of this protein in large quantities in milk animals to be used as a means of treatment in the case of the lack of this protein in patients of humans.