قواعد لغة إنجليزية 3

Passive Voice - المبني للمجهول

- The passive is used :

- يستخدم المبني للمجهول في الحالات التالية :

1 - When we do not Know who dose or did the action.

1 - عندما يكون الفاعل الذي قام في الفعل مجهولا .

2 - When it is not important to know who does or did the action, or when we consider the action itself more important than the doer of the action.

2 - نستخدم المبني للمجهول عندما لا يكون الفاعل ذو اهمية , حيث أن الحدث نفسه يعتبر أكثر أهمية من الفاعل الذي قام في الحدث .

- How to change a sentence from active voice into passive voice ?

- كيف نحول جملة المبني للمعلوم إلى جملة المبني للمجهول ؟

sentence = subject + verb + object + complement

- Examples:

- He wrote this letter yesterday. ----- Active

- This letter was written yesterday. ----- Passive

- Jim cleans the car every weekend.----- Active

- The car is cleaned every weekend.----- Passive

- They eat eggs in the morning.----- Active

- Eggs are eaten in the morning.----- Passive

- He tell me the news on telephone every night.----- Active

- The news is told to me on telephone every night.----- Passive

- I am told the news on telephone every night.----- Passive

- She gives me sugar every week. ----- Active

- I am given sugar every week. ----- Passive

- Sugar is given to me every week. ----- Passive

- they built the bridge in 1996. ----- Active

- The bridge was built in 1996 (by them) ----- Passive

- They will open the new hotel next year. ----- Active

- The new hotel will be opened next year (by them).----- Passive

- She hasn't invited me to the party yet.----- Active

- I haven't been invited to the party yet. ----- Passive

- Mary had helped John. ----- Active

- John had been helped (by Mary). ----- Passive

- They are studying English. ----- Active

- English is being studied (by them). ----- Passive

- They were buying the car. ----- Active

- The car was being bought. ----- Passive

- Somebody was cleaning the windows when I arrived. ----- Active

- The windows were being cleaned when I arrived. ----- Passive

- Jim was eating an apple when the telephone rang. ----- Active

- An apple was being eaten when the telephone rang. ----- Passive

- I will see Jim in the class tomorrow. ----- Active

- Jim will be seen in the class tomorrow. ----- Passive

- She has to keep all the old books. ----- Active

- All the old books have to be kept. ----- Passive

- The baby cries every day. ----- Active - can't be changed.

* الجملة السابقة لا يوجد بها مفعول به , و لا يمكن تحويلها إلى صيغة المبني للمجهول .

- Birds can't fly at night. day. ----- Active - can't be changed.

* الجملة السابقة لا يوجد بها مفعول به , و لا يمكن تحويلها إلى صيغة المبني للمجهول .

- open the door. ----- Active

- Let the door be opened. ----- Passive

- please, write your name at the top of the paper. ----- Active

- Let your name be written at the top of the paper. ----- Passive

* إذا وجدت كلمة (please) , في جملة المبني للمعلوم , عند تحويل الجملة إلى صيغة المبني للمجهول , نقوم في حذف كلمة من الجملة .

- The doctor is going to treat the patient. ----- Active

- The patient is going to be treated (by the doctor). ----- Passive

- Do you speak English ? ----- Active

- Is English spoken ? ----- Passive

- She always dose her work early. ----- Active

- Her work is always done early. ----- Passive

- She doesn't like languages. ----- Active

- Languages aren't liked. ----- Passive

- Did you visit Roma ? ----- Active

- Was Roma visited ? ----- Passive

- She doesn't like animals. ----- Active

- Animals aren't liked. ----- Passive

- She has been studing English since 5 o'clock. ----- Active

- English has been being studied since 5 o'clock. ----- Passive

- You should have brushed your teeth. ----- Passive

- Your teeth should have been brushed. ----- Passive

24/9/2015

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Phrasal Verbs - أشباه الأفعال

- Verbs in English cans be :

- الأفعال في اللغة الإنجليزية تتكون من :

1 - Transitive - فعل متعدي

2 - Intransitive - فعل لازم , غير متعدي

- Transitive : need an object.

- الفعل المتعدي : يحتاج إلى مفعول به .

- Intransitive : doesn't need an object.

- الفعل اللازم : لا يحتاج إلى مفعول به .

- Transitive :

He must give up smoking.

They could get a cros the lesson.

- Intransitive :

She passed a way in 1994.

- The Phrasal Verb is :

1 - A verb with particle - فعل مع أداة , ظرف

Wake up / bring back .

2 - A verb with preposition - فعل مع أداة , حرف جر

pass a way / live on / wait for .

- Examples:

look = varb

كلمة (Look) هي فعل في معنى ينظر أو أنظر , فإذا أضفنا إليها أداة أو حرف جر أصبحت شبه فعل , و اصبح لها معنى جديد كما في الأمثلة التالية :

- Look After = to take of - يعتني في

- Look out = to warn someone - يحذر من

- Look into = to find out the facts about - يبحث عن الحقيقة

- Look up to = to respect and admire - يحترم

- Look in = to visit for a short time - يزور , زيارة قصيرة

- Jim always look up to his parents.

- Mary will look after the children while her mother is in hospital.

- Look out! There is a train coming.

1 - Phrasal verb with particles - أشباه الأفعال مع الأداة الظرفية

a - If the object is a pronoun (it/ them/me/you/him/her/us) , these pronoun go before the particle.

أ - إذا كان المفعول به ضمير , فإنه يجب أن يأتي الضمير قبل الأداة , أي فصل الفعل عن أداة الظرف .

- Examples:

- You mst give it up.

- I will bring them back.

b - If the object is a noun (short) , it can come between the verb and it's particle, or after the phrasal verb.

ب - إذا كان المفعول به أسم , و مكون من كلمة أو كلمتين , فإنه إما أن يأتي بين الفعل و أداة الظرف , أو أن يأتي بعد شبه الفعل .

- Examples:

- You must give smoking up.

-You must give up smoking.

- I will get the book back.

- We will get our money back.

- We will get back our money.

c - If the object is long, it must follow the phrasal verb.

ج - إذا كان المفعول به طويلا أكثر من كلمتين , يجب أن يأتي المفعول به بعد الفعل و الأداة الظرفية .

- Examples:

- The old people have the ability to go across many problems they may face in their life.

2 - Phrasal verb with preposition - شبه الفعل مع حرف الجر

- The object always comes after the preposition.

- المفعول به يأتي دائما بعد شبه الفعل مع حرف الجر .

- Examples:

- You are looking forward to your holiday.

- Jim is waiting for his friend.

- Please! Wait for her.

- These phrasal verbs can be separated :

- قائمة من أشباه الأفعال و التي يمكن فصلها :

- Call (someone) for = invite - يدعو

- Close (something) off to = not allow to do - لا يسمح له القيام في العمل

- Fill (something) up = put things in - يملأ

- Get (something) across = explain - يشرح

- Get (something) back = return - يعيد

- Get (someone) down = let down - يحبط

- Give (a bride) a way = hand over to her husband - يسلم

- Hand (something) down = leave to the eople who come after - يورث

- Talk (something) through = discuss - يناقش

- Keep (someone) off (something) = take (someone) a way - يبعد

- Provide (someone) with (something) = give or supply - يزود

- Put (something) in with = add something to another - يضيف

- Turn (something) into = change - يغير , يبدل

- Bring (something) back = return - يعيد

- Wake up = get out of bed - يستيقظ

- These phrasal verbs cannot be separated :

- قائمة من أشباه الأفعال و التي لا يمكن فصلها :

- Block off = put something a cross the road - يضع حاجزا

- Call on = visit - يزور

- Chop off = cut - يقطع

- Get by = manage - يتدب الأمر

- Get on with (something) = continue - يستمر

- Get on with (someone) = enjoy someone's company - يستمتع في رفقة شخص ما

- Get over (something) = recover from - يتغلب على

- Get through (something) = finish - ينهي

- Get together = meet - يقابل

- Get up = get out of bed - يستيقظ

- Live on = be remembered for a long time - يخلد , يبقى حيا لفترة طويلة

- Look on = consider - يحترم , يراعي

- Make of = Think about - يفكر

- Mark out (something) = draw lines around - علامة , رسم علامة

- Pass a way = die - يموت

- pass by = go past (something) - يسترجع من الماضي

- Set out = begin a journey - ينطلق

- Set up = establish - يؤسس

- Turn into = become - يصبح

- Get across = يجتاز

- Get down = ينزل

- Go after = يلاحق

- Go against = يتعارض مع

- Go back on = يتراجع عن

- Go for = يهاجم

- Go into = يناقش

- Go off = يتعفن

- Go without = يتدبر بدون

7/10/2015

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Adverbial Phrases of Time - العبارات الحالية المبينة للوقت

- At / On / In

1 - At : we use (at) with times.

1 - نستخدم حرف الجر (at) مع الساعات و الأوقات .

- Examples:

- at 5 o'clock / at 12.45 / at midnight.

- at down / at midday / at the week-end.

- at Christmas / at Easter / at the moment.

- at the same time / at the age of ... .

- I don't like studying at night.

- We are going to visit London at week-end.

- Mary is studying at present.

- The baby is sleeping at the moment.

- Jim and Mark arrived at the same time.

- Jim left school at the age of 12.

2 - On : we use (on) with dates and days.

2 - نستخدم حرف الجر (on) مع الأيام و التواريخ .

- Examples:

- on Saturday / on Friday (s) / on Christmas day.

- on Friday morning / on Sunday afternoon.

- on Monday evening / on Tuesday night.

- on 20 April / on 21 March / on May, 25.

- We visited Jim on Friday.

- She was born on March 10, 1998.

- I will visit you on Sunday afternoon.

- Our exams will be on 12 June.

3 - In : we use (in) with months, years, seasons, and with the parts of the day.

3 - نستخدم حرف الجر (in) مع الشهور و السنوات و الفصول و مع أوقات اليوم مثل الصباح و المساء .

- Examples:

- in January / in March / in April.

- in 1984 / 1n 1997 / in 2007.

- in the winter / in the spring in the summer / in the Autumn.

- in the 18th century / in the 19th century.

- in the Middle ages.

- in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening.

- In + a period of time

- نستخدم (in) أيضا مع الفترات الزمنية التي تدل على المستقبل

- نستخدم (in) مع شهور السنة , أما إذا جاء بعد الشهر مباشرة تاريخ محدد , نستخدم معه (on)

- نستخدم مع وسائل النقل حرف الجر (by) , أما كلمة (foot) و كلمة (bicycle) نستخدم حرف الجر (on) .

- by bus / by car / by train / by air / by road.

- by land / by sea / by boat / by subway.

- on foot / on bicycle.

- نستخدم مع كلمة (birthday) حرف الجر (on)

- نستخدم مع كلمة (the age of) حرف الجر (at)

4 - before - قبل / after - بعد / when - عندما / now - الآن / next - القادم / until - حتى / till - حتى / last - الماضي / while - بينما / as - بينما / for - لمدة / since - منذ / during - أثناء / as soon as - حالما / soon - حالا

- Examples:

- He always brushes his teeth before he goes to school.

- I went to sleep after i had closed the door.

- I waited for her until 5 o'clck, but she didn't come.

- I bought a new car last month.

- Be quiet! Mary is studying now.

- I was studying when they came.

- I am going to visit Japan next hoiday.

- While I was driving, I saw a camel.

- Mark has studied for 5 hours.

- I haven't seen him since 1994.

- We use the gas heater during winter.

- I fell a sleep during the film.

- I can't drive, i will wait until (or till) it stops snowing.

- As soon as it stops raining, we will leave.

- I will call you as soon as i arrive home.

- We stayed there till we finished our work.

- We use (since) when we say the beginning of the period.

- نستخدم (since) عندما نذكر بداية الفترة الزمنية .

- We use (for) when we say the period of time.

- نستخدم (for) عندما نتكلم عن طول الفترة الزمنية .

- Examples:

- since 10 o'clock / since Friday /since 10 March.

- since June /since 1998 / since Chrismas / sinec we came.

- since midnight / since midday.

- Since 8 o'clock.

- For 8 hours.

- I have been teaching since April.

- I have been teaching for three years.

- Have you been studing for a long time?.

- Jim has been studying since midnight.

8/10/2015

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Type of Adjectives - أنواع الصفات

- An adjective is a word used to qualify a noun .

- الصفة كلمة تستعمل لوصف الاسم .

- Examples:

- A new car.

- A small house.

- The old man

- Adjectives add to the meaning of nouns but limit their application.

- الصفات تزيد من معنى الأسماء لكنها تحد من تطبيقها .

- Examples:

- The house / The new house.

- She lives in a nice new house.

- The car / The new car.

- The new black car.

- The small new black car.

* There are Adjectives not only come before the name

* هناك صفات لا تأتي إلا قبل الأسم

- Close - حميم , عزيز

- Old - قديم

- Examples:

- Mark is my close friend.

- Jim is my old friend.

* There are Adjectives do not come only after the name

* هناك صفات لا تأتي إلا بعد الأسم

- asleep - نائم

- ill - مريض

- Examples:

- The baby is asleep.

- Jim is ill.

* There are Adjectives come before the name, and comes after the name

* هناك صفات تأتي قبل الأسم , و تأتي بعد الأسم

- Expensive - غالي السعر , ثمين

- Old - كبير السن

- Examples:

- I met an old man last night.

- My father is old.

- I bought an expensive car last month.

- The car is expensive.

- Is the man old?

- Is the car expensive?

* Adjectives before the noun - صفات تأتي قبل الأسم

- Examples:

- Good morning. - صباح الخير

- Good luck. - حظ طيب

- Happy dreams. - أحلام سعيدة

- Poor fellow! - شخص مسكين

- Beautiful moon. - قمر جميل

- Fine day. - يوم لطيف

- That is a great idea. - هذه فكرة عظيمة

- He has a few friends. - عنده القليل من الأصدقاء

- He is a happy fellow. - إنه شخص سعيد

* Adjectives as a complement to the verb - صفات تأتي مع الخبر كتكملة للجملة

- Examples:

- That is great. - هذا عظيم

- That is fine. - هذا لطيف

- She looks pretty. - تبدو سعيدة , تبدو لطيفة

- You seem happy. - إنك تبدو سعيد

- He fell asleep. - استغرق في النوم

- That idea is great. - هذه الفكرة عظيمة

- His thoughts are quick. - أفكاره متسرعة

- His friends are few. - أصدقائه قلائل

*********

* During and While

- During - خلال , أثناء

- تستخدم عادة الأسم بعد During

- During + noun

- While - حينما , بينما

- نستخدم مع While , فاعل + فعل

- While + subject + verb

- Examples:

- I fell asleep during the film.

- I fell asleep while i was watching TV.

- I learned a lot of English during my stay in London.

- I learned a lot of English while i was staying in london.

- Somebody called me while i was studying.

- I don't often go out during the week.

*********

* Until , Till , as soon as

- Until - حتى

- Till - حتى

- as soon as - حالما , لحظة أن , بمجرد

- Simple future + Until , Till , as soon as + simple present

- Simple past + Until , Till , as soon as + simple past

- Simple present + Until , Till , as soon as + simple present

- Examples:

- I shall wait until you come back.

- I shall wait till you come back.

- I will remain silent until you come to your senses.

- I will remain silent till you come to your senses.

- I will call you as soon as i arrive home.

- I will go home as soon as i finish my work.

- I waited for the bus until it came.

- I went home as soon as i finished my work.

- Linda usually waits for the bus until it comes.

- As soon as you finish, please let me know.

26/10/2015

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The Definite And Indefinite Articles

أدوات التعريف و النكرة

- Indefinite Articles - أدوات النكرة

A , An , تستخدم مع المفرد فقط

* We use (A) before a word beginning with a consonant sound, for singullar nouns only.

نستعمل (A) قبل الكلمة التي تبدأ في حرف ساكن مع الأسماء المفردة فقط .

- Examples:

- A boy , a girl , a book , a state , a cat , a nice morning , a new apartment , a beautiful garden.

* we use (An) before a word beginning with a vowel sound.

Vowels is : A, O, U, E, I

نستعمل (An) قبل الكلمة التي تبدأ في حرف علة .

حروف العلة هي : A, O, U, E, I

- Examples:

- An orange, an egg , an apple, an ink-pot.

- Note: We use (An) also with words that start with the letter (h) silent or static, at the beginning of the word that you write in a letter (h), and does not read.

- ملاحظة : نستخدم (An) أيضا مع الكلمات التي تبدأ في حرف (h) صامت أو ساكن , في بداية الكلمة التي تكتب في حرف (h) , و لا يقرأ

- Examples:

- An hour, an honest man, an honorable act.

- Do not use (A, An) with plural

- لا نستخدم (A, An) مع الجمع

- There are words we do not use it (An)

- هناك كلمات لا نستخدم معها (An)

- Examples:

- A university, a useful thing, a one-eyed person, a European.

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- Definite Articles - أدوات التعريف

The, used with singular and plural

The , تستخدم مع المفرد و الجمع

- We use (The)

1 - When there is only one of something.

نستخدم (The) عندما يكون هناك شيء نادر أو فريد من نوعه .

- Examples:

- The sea, the sky, the sun, the moon, the ground, the counttry, the world, the earh, the universe, the cinema, the theatre.

2 - We use (the) speaker and listener are thinking about the same thing.

نستخدم (the) عندما يكون المتكلم و المستمع متعارفان على الشيء المذكور , مثلا الغرفة

- Examples:

- The room, the light, the floor, the door, the window, the wall, the carpet.

- The bank, the dentist, the doctor, the airport, the post office.

3 - We use (the) with adjective , The + adjective = Plural

نستخدم (the) مع الصفات للتعبير عن صيغة الجمع

- Examples:

- The rich, the old, the poor, the blind, the sick, the injured, the young, the dead, the unemployed.

4 - We use (the) when we mean something in particular.

نستخدم (the) عندما نعبر عن شيء بشكل خاص

- Examples:

- I like the flowers in your garden.

5 - We use (the) with nationality words.

نستخدم (the) مع الكلمات التي تدل على الجنسيات

- Examples:

- The British, the Spanish, the Dutch, the English, the French, the Japanese.

6 - We use (the) with Political names of countries.

نستخدم (the) مع الاسم السياسي للبلدان

- Examples:

-The United Kingdom, the United States, the Republic of Ireland.

7 - We use (the) with Island groups have plural names.

نستخدم (the) مع أسماء مجموع الجزر

- Examples:

- The Canaries, the Canary Islands.

- The Easter Islands - is wrong / Easter Islands without (the).

- The Bermuda - is wrong / Bermuda without (the).

8 - We use (the) with Regions.

نستخدم (the) مع المناطق

- Examples:

- The Middle East, the Far East, the North of England.

9 - We use (the) with mountains ranges which have plural names.

نستخدم (the) مع أسماء السلاسل الجبلية إذا كانت جمعا

- Examples:

- The Alps, the Andes.

- The Mount Everest - is wrong / Mount Everest without (the).

10 - We use (the) with names of Oceans, seas, Rivers, Canals.

نستخدم (the) مع أسماء المحيطات و البحار و الأنهار و القنوات , و لا تستخدم مع أسماء البحيرات

- Examples:

- The Atlantic, the Indian Ocean, the black Sea, the Dead Sea, the Nile, the Amazon, the suez Canal.

- The Lake Tabareya - is wrong / Lake Tabareya without (the).

11 - We use (the) with mosque.

نستخدم (the) مع كلمة مسجد

- Examples:

- He go to The mosque everyday.

- Note: do not use (the) with the word (Church).

- ملاحظة : لا نستخدم (the) مع كلمة كنيسة (Church).

- Note: do not use (the) with meals (Lunch, Dinner, Breakfast).

- ملاحظة : لا نستخدم (the) مع وجبات الطعام (Lunch, Dinner, Breakfast).

- Note: do not use (the) with words (Bed, Work, Home).

- ملاحظة : لا نستخدم (the) مع كلمات (Bed, Work, Home).

- Note: do not use (the) places that we go with her in the form of a continuous and frequent (school, college, Church, Prison, Hospital, University).

- ملاحظة : لا نستخدم (the) مع الأماكن التي نذهب لها في شكل مستمر و متكرر (school, college, Church, Prison, Hospital, University).

- Note: do not use (the) with the names of the continents (Continents - Asia, Europe, South Africa, North America).

- ملاحظة : لا نستخدم (the) مع أسماء القارات (Continents - Asia, Europe, South Africa, North America).

- Note: do not use (the) with the geographical name of the countries (Italy, Turkey, Egypt).

- ملاحظة : لا نستخدم (the) مع الاسم الجغرافي للبلدان (Italy, Turkey, Egypt).

- Note: do not use (the) with the names of cities (London, Rome, Cairo).

- ملاحظة : لا نستخدم (the) مع أسماء المدن (London, Rome,Cairo).

- Note: We use (the) words with (school, college, Church, Prison, Hospital, University), if he went to a person visits only, and not in the form of regular

- ملاحظة : نستخدم (the) مع كلمات (school, college, Church, Prison, Hospital, University) , أذا ذهب إليها الشخص زائر فقط , و ليس في شكل منتظم

- Examples:

- Liza went to the school to ask about her son.

12/11/2015

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Singular And Plural

المفرد و الجمع

1 - use (A number of) with plural

نستعمل (A number of) مع الجمع

2 - use (The number of) with singular

نستعمل (The number of) مع المفرد

3 - We use with words (every, each, each of, everyone, everybody, one of, none of, the number of) singular verb .

نستخدم مع كلمات (every, each, each of, everyone, everybody, one of, none of, the number of) فعل مفرد

- Examples:

-Every student has been invited.

- Each player was given a prize.

- Each of the students has a book.

- Everyone is here.

- Everybody is here.

- One of my friends needs some help.

- None of the children is here.

- The number of students is 50.

4 - use singular verb with an expression of time and money and the distance

نستخدم المفرد مع تعبير الزمن و النقود و المسافة

- Examples:

- Eight hour of sleep is enough.

- Ten dollars is too much to pay.

- Five Thousand miles is too far to travel.

5 - We use with words (The news, the united states) singular verb.

نستخدم مع كلمة (The news, the united states) فعل مفرد

- Examples:

- The news is not bad.

- The united States is a big country.

6 - If come with (the) adjective use plural verb.

إذا جاء بعد (the) صفة نستخدم فعل جمع

- Examples:

- The police have been calld.

- The poor have many problems.

7 - We use words (A lot of, lot of, plenty of) with plural verb and noncount nouns.

نستخدم مع كلمات (A lot of, lot of, plenty of) مع الفعل الجمع و الأسماء غير المعدودة .

- Examples:

- A lot of time, lots of money, a lot of sugar.

- A lot of people, lots of people, plenty of books.

8 - We use words (Much, little, a little) with singular verb and noncount nouns.

نستخدم مع كلمات (Much, little, a little) مع الفعل المفرد و الأسماء غير المعدودة

- Examples:

- Much time is needed to read this book.

- Little money isn't enough to buy a new car.

9 - We use words (Many, few, a few) with plural verb and count nouns.

نستخدم مع كلمات (Many, few, a few) اسم معدود و فعل جمع

- Examples:

- A few students were late.

- Many people do not like animals.

- Jim has few friends.

10 - We use words (Some) with noncount nouns and also count nouns.

نستخدم كلمة (Some) مع الأسماء المعدودة و الأسماء غير المعدودة

- Examples:

- Some water, some money.

- Some boys, some books, some people.

- Can i have some milk in my coffee, please?.

- Liza has bought some new shoes.

13/11/2015

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