قواعد لغة إنجليزية 4

Adverbial Phrases

العبارات الحالية

* Types of Adverbial Phrases :

هناك أنواع كثيرة للعبارات الحالية نذكر منها :

1 - Adverbial Phrases of Cause (Reasons)

العبارات الحالية المبينة للسبب

2 - Adverbial Phrases of Purpose

العبارات الحالية المبينة للغرض

3 - Adverbial Phrases of Result

العبارات الحالية المبينة للنتيجة

4 - Adverbial Phrases of Concession and Contrast

العبارات المبينة للتناقض و التباين

5 - Adverbial Phrases of Condition

العبارات الحالية المبينة للشرط

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1 - Adverbial phrases of cause (Reason)

1 - العبارات الحالية المبينة للسبب

- Because - بسبب , لأن

- Since - بسبب , لأن

- As - بسبب , لأن

- As long as - بسبب , لأن

- So long as - بسبب , لأن

- Now that - بسبب , لأن

* Because + clause (subject + verb) + reason

- Because of - في سبب

- Due to - في سبب

* Because of + (Noun) or (Gerund) or (Being + adj)

- All previous statements, linking the two sentences, and the previous statements site either mid-sentence, and either in the beginning of the sentence.

- جميع العبارات السابقة , تربط بين جملتين , و يكون موقع العبارات السابقة إما وسط الجملة , و إما في بداية الجملة .

- Examples:

- He went to hospital because he was ill.

- He went to bed because he was sleepy.

- because he was sleepy, He went to bed.

- Now that the exam is finished, I am going to rest a few minutes.

- I am going to rest a few minutes now that the exam is finished.

- She didn't go to school because she was ill.

- Because of her illness, She didn't go to school.

- Because of being ill, She didn't go to school.

- Because of being jealous, she is always upset.

- I couldn't do all the work because the time was short.

- Due to the shortness of time, I couldn't do all the work.

- because he studied hard, he succeeded in his exam.

- Because of being late, I didn't see the doctor.

- Due to the hardness of the work, we didn't continue.

2 - Adverbial phrases of purpose

2 - العبارات الحالية المبينة للغرض

- To - لكي

- So as to - لكي

- In order to - لكي

* To + Base form + Purpose

- So that - لكي

- In order that - لكي

* So that + Subject + Modal + Base form

- All previous statements, linking the two sentences, and the previous statements site either mid-sentence, and either in the beginning of the sentence.

- جميع العبارات السابقة , تربط بين جملتين , و يكون موقع العبارات السابقة إما وسط الجملة , و إما في بداية الجملة .

- Examples:

- Jim went to the library to study.

- Read so as to increase your knowledge.

- We keep meat in a refrigerator so that it will not spoil.

- To get better luck, work harder.

- He opened his umbrella so that he wouldn't get wet.

3 - Adverbial phrases of result

3 - العبارات الحالية المبينة للنتيجة

- ,so - لذلك , نتيجة لذلك

- ,and so - لذلك , نتيجة لذلك

- ,thus - لذلك , نتيجة لذلك

- ,hence - لذلك , نتيجة لذلك

- .Therefore, - لذلك , نتيجة لذلك

- .Consequently, - لذلك , نتيجة لذلك

- .As a result, - لذلك , نتيجة لذلك

- All previous statements, linking the two sentences, comes before reason, and then comes an expected result, and the previous statements site in the middle of the sentence.

- جميع العبارات السابقة , تربط بين جملتين , يأتي قبلها سبب , و يأتي بعدها نتيجة متوقعة, و يكون موقع العبارات السابقة في وسط الجملة .

- Examples:

- It was very cold.Therefore, we cancalled the party.

- I had a short time, thus I couldn't do the job.

- I couldn't do the job because I had a short time.

- because I had a short time, I couldn't do the job

- He didn't study, hence he didn't succeed.

- It was raining. As a result, I stayed at home.

4 - Adverbial phrases of concession (contrast)

4 - العبارات الحالية المبينة للتناقض أو التباين

A -

- Although - بالرغم من

- Though - بالرغم من

- Even though - بالرغم من

- In spite of the fact that - بالرغم من

- Despite the fact that - بالرغم من

* Although + Clause (Subject + Verb)

- In spite of - بالرغم من , بالرغم من كون

- Despite - بالرغم من , بالرغم من كون

* In spite of + (Noun) or (Gerund) or (being + adjective)

- All previous statements, linking the two sentences, comes before reason, and then comes an unexpected result, or the result of contradictory, and the previous

statements site in the middle of the sentence, or in the beginning of the sentence.

- جميع العبارات السابقة , تربط بين جملتين , يأتي قبلها سبب , و يأتي بعدها نتيجة غير متوقعة , أو نتيجة متناقضة , و يكون موقع العبارات السابقة في وسط الجملة , أو في بداية الجملة .

- Examples:

- Although it was cold, they went to swim.

- Even though it was raining, they went to the zoo.

- they went to swim although it was cold

- In spite of being tired, I didn't go to bed early.

- Although Jim was ill, he went to school.

- Jim was ill, hence he didn't go to school.

- Jim didn't go to school because he was ill.

- because of his illness, Jim didn't go to school.

- Even though he didn't study hard, he got good grades.

- In spite of his weakness, he accepted the challenge.

B -

- ,still - مع ذلك , على أي حال

- ,yet - مع ذلك , على أي حال

- ,but - مع ذلك , على أي حال , لكن

- ;However, - مع ذلك , على أي حال

- ;Even so, - مع ذلك , على أي حال

- ;Nevertheless, - مع ذلك , على أي حال

* ,still + clause (subject + verb)

- Examples:

- It was cold;However, I went swimming.

- He wasn't tired, still he went to bed early.

- His work was bad, but he was given the prize.

- Although his work was bad, he was given the prize.

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* phrase (On the other hand)

* عبارة (On the other hand) - من ناحية آخرى

- .On the other hand, - من ناحية آخرى

- The phrase used to connect between the two sentences, their type of comparison.

- تستخدم هذه العبارة للربط بين جملتين , بينهما نوع من المقارنة .

- Examples:

- I usually walk quickly.On the other hand, my friend usually walks slowly.

*******

* phrase (On the contrary)

* عبارة (On the contrary) - على العكس

- .On the contrary, - على العكس

- The phrase used to connect between the two sentences, the first sentence be negative.

- تستخدم هذه العبارة للربط بين جملتين , الجملة الاولى تكون جملة منفية .

- Examples:

-The film was not boring.On the contrary, it was interesting.

- Jim is very short.On the other hand, his parents are tall.

- The English exam wesn't difficult.On the contrary, it was easy.

2/12/2015

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5 - Adverbial Phrases of Condition :

العبارات الحالية المبينة للشرط

- If / إذا

- Provided that / إذا

- Providing that / إذا

- Unless = if not / إذا لم

* Conditionals / الجمل الشرطية

- Type 1

If + subject + simple present, subject + will + base verb

- ملاحظة :

1 - الجملة الشرطية , تستخدم أداة الشرط , و جملة الشرط , و جواب الشرط .

2 - يمكن استخدام

- Provided that

- Providing that

بدل If و تعطي نفس المعنى .

3 - تستخدم أداة الشرط (if) , في بداية الجملة , و تستخدم في وسط الجملة .

- أمثلة

- If i have enough time, I will come tomorrow.

- I will come tomorrow, If i have enough time.

- If you don't study, you will not (won't) succeed.

- Unless you study, you will not succeed.

- She will not succeed, unless she studies.

- We will be late, if we don't hurry.

- Unless we hurry, we will be late.

- Type 2

- If + subject + simple past, subject + would + base verb

- ملاحظة :

1 - نستخدم مع جمل الشرط , من النوع الثاني فعل ماضي بسيط , و نستخدم مع جمل جواب الشرط , أفعال

(Modal) , (would, could, should) .

- أمثلة

- If i studied, i would succeed.

- I would succeed, If i studied.

- If he came early, he would meet the doctor.

- If i had money, i would buy a new car.

- Unless i came early, i wouldn't meet Jim.

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- ملاحظة :

1 - عندما نتكلم عن الماضي غير الحقيقي , أو الماضي المستحيل , نستخدم

(were) مع (i) , و ذلك بدل

(was) مع (i), تابع المثال التالي .

2 - هذا النوع يسمى الماضي المستحيل , او الماضي غير الحقيقي ,

(Unreal Past).

- If I were you, i would study hard.

- If i were rich, i would help the poor.

- Type 3

- If + subject + past perfect, subject + would + have + p.p

- ملاحظة :

1 - نستخدم مع جمل الشرط , من النوع الثاني فعل ماضي تام , و نستخدم مع جمل جواب الشرط , أفعال

(Modal) , (would, could, should) مع (have) + التصريف الثالث للفعل .

- أمثلة

- If i had studied, i would have succeeded.

- If you had wanted to succeed, you would have wasted time.

- I wouldn't have bought a car, if i hadn't had enough money.

- If she had had money, she would have bought a new car.

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- Reported Speech

الكلام غير المباشر

- هناك نوعان من الكلام هما :

1 - الكلام المباشر

(Direct Speech)

2 - الكلام غير المباشر

(Indirect Speech , Reported Speech)

- أمثلة

- Mark said, "I clean the car evrey day". - Direct Speech

- Mark said that he cleaned the car evrey day. - Indirect Speech , Reported Speech

- General Rules - قواعد الكلام غير المباشر

1- Change of Pronouns / تغيير الضمائر

2- Change of Tense / تغيير الزمن

10/6/2016

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Change of tense : تغيير الزمن

الكلمات التي تدل على القريب في الكلام المباشر , عند التحويل إلى الكلام غير المباشر تتغير تلك الكلمات , كي تدل على البعيد , كما في الجدول التألي :

Words that denote direct speech near, when converting to indirect speech change these words to far, as in the following table:

أمثلة

1 – She said, “I watch TV every day”.

She said that she watched TV every day.

2 – “I go to school every day”. Linda said.

Linda said that she went to school every day.

3 – Linda said, “I will buy a new mobile”.

Linda said that she would buy a new mobile.

4 – Lara said, “My father lives in London”.

Lara said that her father lived in London.

5 - Lara said, “My father lived in London”.

Lara said that her father had lived in London.

6 – Mark said, “I am watching TV”.

Mark said that he was watching TV.

7 - Mark said, “I have watched TV”.

Mark said that he had watched TV.

8 – Linda said, “I will watch TV tomorrow”.

Linda said that she would watch TV the following day.

9 – Linda said, “I am going to watch TV tomorrow morning”.

Linda said that she was going to watch TV the following morning.

10 – Mark said, “I can watch TV”.

Mark said that he could watch TV.

11 - Mark said, “I could watch TV”.

Mark said that he could watch TV.

12 – Linda said, “I must watch TV”.

Linda said that she had to watch TV.

13 – My brother said, “Watch TV”.

My brother told me to watch TV.

14 – Mark said, “ I’m busy now”.

Mark said that he was busy then.

15 – They said, “We are busy now”.

They said that they were busy then.

16 – Mark said, “I was busy”.

Mark said that he had been busy.

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ملاحظة :

1 – إذا كان الفعل في الجملة في زمن الماضي , مثل (Said, asked, told) , يتم تحويل الجملة إلى الكلام غير المباشر

2 – إذا كان الفعل في الجملة في زمن المضارع , مثل (Say , saying, will say, have said, are saying, had said) , لا نقوم في تحويل الجملة إلى الكلام غير المباشر .

Note:

1 – if already in the sentence in time past, like (Said, asked, told), convert the sentence into the indirect speech

2. If the sentence already tense, like (Say, saying, I will say, I have said, are saying, had said), we do not convert the sentence into the indirect speech.

مثال

1 – Linda says, “I like tea”.

Linda says that she likes tea.

2 – They have said, “They made a good beginning”.

They have said that they made a good beginning.

3 – Linda says, “I’m very busy”.

Linda says that she is very busy.

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ملاحظة :هناك أفعال غير الفعل (Said) تستخدم في تحويل الكلام المباشر , إلى الكلام غير المباشر , و هذه الأفعال هي التالي :

Note: there already acts (Said) used to convert direct speech, to indirect speech, and these actions are the following:

1 – Told / أخبر

2 – Claimed /ادعى

3 – Boasted / تفاخر

4 – Suggested / اقترح

5 – Recommended /أوصى

6 – Explained /شرح

7 – Regretted /ندم

8 – Denied /أنكر

9 – Admitted /اعترف

10 – Confessed / اعترف

11 – Announced / أعلن

12 – Declared / أعلن

13 – Complained / اشتكى

12/6/2016

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Indirect Questions / Wh-Questions جمل الاستفهام في الكلام غير المباشر 

امثلة

1 – He said, “Where do you live?” .

He asked me where I lived.

2 – “Where did you live?” .

He asked me where I had lived.

3 – Jim said, “ When can I se the film?”

Jim asked when he could see the film.

4 – Tom said, “When can you call me, Jim?” .

Tom asked Jim when he could call him.

5 – Mark said, “Why will you buy a car, Jim?” .

Mark asked Jim why he would buy a car.

6 – The manager said, “Where is mark?” .

The manager asked where mark was.

7 – the mother said, “Why don’t you eat meat, Linda?” .

The mother asked Linda why she didn’t eat meat.

8 – He said to me, “do you live in London?” .

He asked me If I live in London.

9 – He said, “Can you speak English, Linda?” .

He wanted to know if she could speak English.

ملاحظة :

1 – هناك كلمات تستخدم في جملة الاستفهام أو السؤال في الكلام غير المباشر , مثل كلمة

Asked / تسأئل

Wondered / تسأئل متعجبا

Enquired / استفهم

wanted to know / أراد أن يعلم

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Indirect Commands or requests / جمل الأمر و الرجاء و الطلب غير المباشرة

أمثلة

1 – The teacher said, “Open the door” .

The teacher asked me to open the door.

2 - The teacher said, “Don’t open the door” .

The teacher asked me not to open the door.

3 – She said to her friend, “Buy me a pen, please!” .

She told her friend to buy her a pen.

4 – The old man said, “Don’t spend all your money, Save some for the future” .

The old man advised me not to spend all my money and to save some for the future.

5 – She said, “Watch TV” .

She told me to watch TV.

ملاحظة :

1 – هناك كلمات تستخدم في جملة الامر أو الطلب في الكلام غير المباشر , مثل كلمة

Told / طلب , أخبر

Commanded / أمر

Asked / سأل , طلب

Prayed / توسل

Advised /نصح

Begged / توسل

13/6/2016

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Language Functions / الوظائف اللغوية

13/6/2016

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Probability / الإحتمالية

نستطيع التعبير عن الإحتمال , في الحالات التالية :

-We express probability, in the following cases:

1 – استخدام بعض أفعال (Modals) , و هي (Must, can, could ,may ,might ,can’t)

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(can, could ,may ,might)

تستخدم الافعال السابقة , للتعبير عن احتمال وقوع الحدث .

أمثلة

The weather is cod, it may rain.

I can’t see Jim, he might be at the library.

It’s not very difficult question, she could answer it.

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(must)

تستخدم الفعل السابق , للتعبير عن تأكيد وقوع الحدث .

Jim isn’t in the class, He must be ill.

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(can’t)

تستخدم الفعل السابق , للتعبير عن تأكيد عدم وقوع الحدث .

The weather is very hot, It can’t rain.

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2 – استخدام الصفات الإحتمالية التالية :

(Adjective of probability)

Likely / محتمل

Probable / محتمل

Possible / ممكن , محتمل الوقوع

Unlikely / من غير المحتمل

improbable / غير محتمل

Impossible / مستحيل , غير ممكن

ملاحظة : هناك قاعدة لاستخدام الصفات الإحتمالية و هي

It is + (Adjective of probability) + that

أمثلة

It is possible that he will arrive at 8 o’clock.

It is impossible that he will arrive on time.

The weather is very hot, it is improbable to rain.

I got up early, so I am probable to arrive on time.

3 – استخدام الظروف الإحتمالية التالية :

(Adverb of probability)

Possibly / من الممكن

Probably / من المحتمل

Definitely / من المؤكد

Impossibly / من غير الممكن

Improbably / من غير المحتمل

May be / ربما

Sure / مؤكد

Surely / مؤكد , من المؤكد

Certainly / بالتأكيد

أمثلة

They may be answer the questions if they study.

The questions may not be answered if they don’t study.

Improbably, they will answer the difficult question.

Impossibly, it will snow in June.

You are very certain that the train will arrive on time.

The train will definitely arrive on time.

20/6/2016

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