قواعد لغة انجليزية 1

The Auxiliary Verbs

الأفعال المساعدة

- The auxiliary verbs can be separated into four categories :

- تقسم الأفعال المساعدة إلى أربعة أقسام و هي :

1 - Verb to be

2 - Verb to have

3 - Verb to do

4 - Modals

- the auxiliary verb can be either a main verb or a helping verb .

- الفعل المساعد في اللغة الإنجليزية يمكن أن يقع كفعل رئيسي في الجملة , و يمكن أن يقع كفعل مساعد في الجملة .

1 - Verb to be - أفعال الكينونة

- Present (am , is , are) - المضارع

- past (was , were) - الماضي

- Past participle (been) - اسم المفعول

- Examples

He is a good man --- is / main verb - هنا الفعل رئيسي

I am a student --- am / main verb - هنا الفعل رئيسي

She is a clever girl --- is / main verb - هنا الفعل رئيسي

He is eating now --- is / helping verb - هنا الفعل مساعد

I am studying at the moment --- am / helping verb - هنا الفعل مساعد

Look! It is snowing --- is / helping verb - هنا الفعل مساعد

The car was cleaned --- was / helping verb --- passive - هنا الفعل مساعد في حالة المبني للمجهول

Note :

- After Verb to be use verb (Present + ing) --- Active Voice .

- After Verb to be use verb (Past participle) --- Passive Voice .

Examples :

- The car is cleaned .

- English is spoken .

- I was invited to the party .

2 - Verb to have - أفعال التملك

- Present (Have) with (I , we , you , they) - المضارع

- Present (Has) with (he , she , it) - المضارع

- past (Had) - الماضي

- Past participle (Had) - اسم المفعول

- Examples

I have a new car --- have / main verb

She has her breakfast at 8 o'clock --- has / main verb

I have taught English --- have / helping verb --- passive

She has studied for 3 hours --- has / helping verb --- passive

English has been taught --- has / helping verb --- passive

Note :

- After Verb to have use verb (Past participle) .

3 - Verb to do - أفعال العمل

- Present (Do) - المضارع

- Present (Does) - المضارع المفرد

- past (Did) - الماضي

- Past participle (Done) - أسم المفعول

- Examples

I do my homework every day --- do / main verb

She does her best, but she failed --- does / main verb

They did their work early last Sunday --- did / main verb

Do you speak English? --- Do / helping verb --- passive

Does he come from Canada? --- Dose / helping verb --- passive

They don't like coffee --- do / helping verb --- passive

Did you arrive on time? --- Did / helping verb --- passive

Note :

- After Verb to do use verb (base verb) .

- use (does) with (he , she , it)

- use (do) with (I , we , you , they)

- use (did) with (he , she , it , I , we , you , they)

4 - Modals - الأفعال الشكلية المساعدة

تقسم الأفعال الشكلية التالية إلى قسمين :

a - Modals followed by the simple form of a verb (base verb)

النوع الأول و هو الأفعال الشكلية المساعدة التي يجب أن يتبعها فعل مجرد و هي :

- Examples

can / I can do it .

could / I could do it .

had better / You had better do it .

may / They may do it .

might / she might do it .

must / He must do it .

shall / I shall do it .

should / Mark will do it .

will / Jack will do it .

would / I would do it .

b - Modals followed by an infinitive (To + base verb)

النوع الثاني من الأفعال الشكلية المساعدة فهو الذي يتبعه (To + base verb)

- Examples

Have to / I have to do it .

Have got to / I have got to do it .

Ought to / She ought to do it .

c - Use modals - استخدامات الأفعال الشكلية المساعدة

1 - Expressing ability : Can , Could .

للتعبير عن إمكانية و قدرة عمل شيء ما , و للتعبير عن إمكانية حدوث شيء ما .

- Examples

She can speak English .

Fish cannot survive out of water .

He can come tomorrow .

We can't go on vacation until next month .

I could speak German when i was a child .

2 - Giving Permission : Can , May .

تستخدم لإعطاء الإذن و السماح بعمل شيء ما

- Examples

When you finish the test, you may leave .

you may pay the bill either in person or by mail .

Note :

- may is usually used in formal situations .

may تستخدم في المواقف الرسمية .

- can is usually used in informal situations .

can تستخدم في المواقف غير الرسمية .

3 - Asking polite questions : (may I , could I , can I , might I)

تستخدم للسؤال بطريقة أدبية لائقة .

- Examples

May I please borrow your pen?

Could I borrow your pen please?

Can I borrow your pen?

Might I borow your pen?

Would you like a cup of coffee?

Would you like to come to the party with us tonight?

4 - Expressing advisability : (should , ought to , had better)

تستخدم لتقديم النصح و الإرشاد .

- Examples

I should lose some weight .

I ought to lose some weight .

You should study harder .

You ought to study harder .

You shouldn't leave your keys in the car .

The gas tank is empty , we had better stopat the next station .

You had better take care of that cut on your hand .

5 - Expressing necessity : (Must , have to , have got to)

تستخدم في معنى الوجوب و الإلزام .

- Examples

Drivers have to stop when they see the red light .

I must take my pen to the exam with me .

I must not forget to take my key with me .

You have to stop when you see the red light .

Note :

- past (must , have to) is / (had to)

I have to study tonight - I had to study last night .

I must study tonight - I had to study last night .

- to convert sentence with The auxiliary verbs to questions :

- إذا اردنا تكوين سؤال من الأفعال المساعدة , نقوم في وضع الفعل المساعد في بداية الجملة .

Examples :

He is happy / is he happy?

They are studing now / Are they studying now?

I am well today / Are you well today?

You are fat / Am i fat?

18/7/2015

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Negative

النفي

- The negative form of the verb can be made as follows :

يمكن تكوين الصورة المنفية للفعل كما يلي :

- القاعدة الأولى

إذا وجدنا في الجملة أحد الأفعال المساعدة التالية , نقوم في وضع (Not)

بعد الفعل المساعد , وتصبح الجملة منفية , و الأفعال المساعدة هي :

shall , should , will , would , can , could , may , might , must , ought , need , dare , used , am , is , was , are , were , have , has , had

Examples :

- He is studying - He is not studing or He isn't studying

- I can speak English - I can't speak English

- I am quite ready for it - I am not quite ready for it

- i will take part in this conveersation - I won't take part in this conversation

- you must drive your car like this - you mustn't drive your car like this

- I could see you well - I couldn't see you well

- I have two brothers - I haven't two brothers - I don't have two brothers

- القاعدة الثانية

إذا كانت الجملة خالية من الفعل المساعد , يجب أن ننتبه إلى الفعل الموجود في الجملة , إذا الفعل مضارع نضع قبله

(do not - don't) و إذا كان الفعل منتهي في حرف (s) للمفرد نقوم في حذف (s) و نضع قبل الفعل (does not - doesn't)

Examples :

- I go to school on Saturday - I don't go to school on Saturday

- We play tennis every weekend - We don't play tennis every weekend

- She drinks coffee every morning - She doesn't drink coffee every morning

- He goes to work in early morning - He doesn't go to work in early morning

- القاعدة الثالثة

إذا كانت الجملة خالية من الفعل المساعد , يجب أن ننتبه إلى الفعل الموجود في الجملة , إذا الفعل ماضي نضع قبله

(did not - didn't)

Examples :

- He visited me last Friday - He didn't visit me last Friday

- She played basketball yesterday - She didn't play basketball yesterday

- They left me alone that night - They didn't leave me alone that night

- القاعدة الرابعة

إذا وجدنا كلمة (Some) في الجملة , عند تحويل هذه الجملة , إلى جملة منفية , نقوم في تحويل (Some) إلى كلمة (any)

Examples :

- He have some problems - He haven't any problems - or He have no problems

- She will buy some stories - She won't buy any stories

- He has some time to do the work - He hasn't any time to do the work - or He has no time to do the work

- القاعدة الخامسة

إذا وجدنا كلمة (a lot of) مع الأسماء المعدودة في الجملة , عند تحويل هذه الجملة , إلى جملة منفية , نقوم في تحويل

(a lot of) إلى كلمة (many) إذا وجدنا كلمة (a lot of) مع الأسماء غير المعدودة في الجملة , عند تحويل هذه الجملة , إلى جملة منفية , نقوم في تحويل (a lot of) إلى كلمة (much)

Examples :

- I have a lot of friends - I haven't many friends - or I don't have many friends

- She has a lot of books - She hasn't many books - or She doesn't have many books

- There is a lot of water in this well - There isn't much water in this well

- We heard a lot of news this morning - We didn't hear much news this morning

- القاعدة السادسة

إذا وجدنا كلمة (both ... and) و (either ... or) في الجملة , عند تحويل هذه الجملة , إلى جملة منفية , نقوم في تحويل

(both ... and) و (either ... or) إلى كلمة (neither ... nor)

Examples :

- Either jeams or mark can go to the party - Neither jeams nor mark can go to the party

- both jeams and mark can go to the party - Neither jeams nor mark can go to the party

- القاعدة السابعة

في حالة الفعل الأمر , نستطيع نفي الفعل الأمر في استخدام كلمة (Do not) قبل الفعل الأمر

Examples :

- Turn right - Don't turn right

- come here - Don't come here

- Sleep early - Don't Sleep early

- القاعدة الثامنة

إذا وجدنا في الجملة أحد أفعال (Do) و هي (do , does , did) و هي أفعال رئيسية في الجملة , عند التحويل إلى النفي تصبح

(do not do - don't do)

(does not do - doesn't do)

(did not do - didn't do)

Examples :

- I do my work in the early morning - I don't do my work in the early morning

- He does his work in the early morning - He doesn't do my work in the early morning

- We did our work in the early morning - We didn't do our work in the early morning

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Pronouns

الضمائر

- A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.

الضمير كلمة تستعمل بدلا من الأسم , و للضمائر أنواع عديدة نذكر منها ما يلي :

1 - Personal Pronouns

الضمائر الشخصية

Subject / Object

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I / me

We / us

You / you , me , us

He / him

She / her

It / it

They / them

Examples:

- I met her.

- We saw them.

- You respect him.

- He welcome me.

- She saw him.

- it bit me.

- They tied it

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- Personal pronouns with preposition

الضمائر الشخصية مع حرف الجر

Examples:

- He came with me.

- I spoke with her.

- she laughed at them.

- They mocked at her.

- We listened to them.

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(My , Our , Your , His , Her , Its , Their)

are possessive adjectives and they qualify nouns.

الكلمات السابقة هي عبارة عن صفات ملكية و تصف الأسماء .

Examples:

- I read my books.

- We read our books.

- You read your books.

- He read his books.

- She read her books.

- They read their books.

- It feeds its youngs.

2 - Possessive Pronouns

ضمائر الملكية

- Possessive Pronouns stand for nouns and are thus used instead of the nouns to which they refer.

ضمائر الملكية تقوم مقام الأسماء و بذلك تستعمل بدلا من الأسماء التي تشير إليها .

Examples:

ضمير ملكية / صفة ملكية

Possessive adjective / Possessive pronoun

- That is my watch. / That watch is mine.

- That is our house. / That house is ours.

- That is your car. / That car is yours.

- This is his work. / This work is his.

- This is her dress. / This dress is hers.

- This is their car. / That car is theirs.

3 - Demonstrative Pronouns

ضمائر الإشارة

- This - هذا للقريب

- That - هذا للبعيد

- These - هؤلاء للقريب

- Those - هؤلاء للبعيد

- Such - كذلك

- So - كذلك

- One - أحد

- None - لا أحد

- The same - مثل , المثل , مثل أحدهم

Examples:

- This is my car.

- This car is wonderful.

- That car is expensive.

- That is not true.

- These books are interesting.

- Those people are my guests.

- Don't be in such a hurry.

- Such is life!

4 - Reflexive and Emphasizing Pronouns

الضمائر المنعكسة و الضمائر التوكيدية

1 - First person - المتكلم

- Myself - نفسي

- Ourselves - أنفسنا

2 - Second person - المخاطب , المستمع

- Yourself - نفسك

- Yourselves - أنفسكم

3 - Third person - الطرف الثالث

- Himself - نفسه

- Herself - نفسها

- Itself - نفسه , نفسها لغير العاقل

- Themselves - أنفسهم , للعاقل و غير العاقل

- oneself - أحد من الاشخاص , أحد من الناس , نفسه , نفسها

Examples: Reflexive Pronouns - ضمائر منعكسة

- She hurt herself.

- he is teaching himself english.

- I hope you will all enjoy yourselves.

- Make yourself at home.

Examples:Emphasizing Pronouns - ضمائر توكيدية

- He told me that himself.

- Do you believe that yourself?

- I myself saw her.

- She didn't do it herself.

- ملاحظة : هناك أنواع آخرى من الضمائر مثل

1 - (Wh-questions) - الضمائر الإستفهامية

2 - (Relative pronouns) - ضمائر الوصل

24/7/2015

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Verbs

الأفعال

The verb is a word used, in order to express do or say or event carried out by a person or group of persons or an event occurring in a given time.

And the verb in the English language is divided into two parts:

الفعل هو كلمة تستخدم , من أجل التعبير عن فعل أو قول أو حدث قام به شخص ما أو مجموعة أشخاص أو حدث وقع في زمن معين .

و يقسم الفعل في اللغة الإنجليزية إلى قسمين هما :

1 - Regular Verbs - الأفعال المنتظمة

الأفعال المنتظمة هي تلك الأفعال التي يضاف إليها

(ed) or (d)

إلى الفعل المضارع (المصدر) كي يتم تكوين الزمن الماضي أو أسم المفعول

- Examples:

Present / Infinitive - past - Past Participle

Look - looked - looked - ينظر

Open - opened - opened - يفتح

Laugh - laughed - laughed - يضحك

Work - worked - worked - يعمل

Melt - melted - melted - يذوب

Place - placed - placed - يضع

Advance - advanced - advanced - يتقدم

Dry - dried - dried - يجف

Cry - cried - cried - يصيح

Try - tried - tried - يحاول

Certify - cerified - cerified - يشهد

Reply - replied - replied - يرد , يجيب

Apply - applied - applied - يطبق

Bury - buried - buried - يدفن

- If the present tense at the end preceded by the letter consonant vowel consonant doubles.

- إذا كان الفعل المضارع في آخره حرف ساكن يسبقه حرف علة يضاعف الحرف الساكن .

- Examples:

Present / Infinitive - past - Past Participle

Stop - stopped - stopped - يقف

Fit - fitted - fitted - يلائم

Worship - worshipped - worshipped - يعبد

Travel - traveled - traveled - يسافر

Drop - dropped - dropped - يسقط

2 - Irregular Verbs - الأفعال غير المنتظمة أو الأفعال الشاذة

Irregular verbs are usually in the vowel change in the underlying action, in order to convert the verb to the past tense or the name of effect.

And there is a list of irregular verbs in and are the following:

الأفعال غير المنتظمة تكون عادة في تغيير حرف متحرك في الفعل المصدر , من أجل تحويل الفعل إلى صيغة الماضي أو أسم المفعول .

و هناك قائمة في الأفعال غير المنتظمة و هي التالي :

A - No change - بدون تغيير

- Examples:

Present / Infinitive - past - Past Participle

Bet - bet - bet - يراهن

Bid - bid - bid - يأمر

Broadcast - broadcast - broadcast - يذيع

Burst - burst - burst - ينفجر

Cast - cast - cast - يلقي

Cost - cost - cost - يكلف , يساوي

Cut - cut - cut - يقطع

Hit - hit - hit - يضرب

Hurt - hurt - hurt - يؤذي

Let - let - let - يسمح

Put - put - put - يضع

Rid - rid - rid - يتخلص

Set - set - set - يغرب

Shed - shed - shed - يريق

Shut - shut - shut - يغلق

Slit - slit - slit - يشق

Split - split - split - يغلق

Spread - spread - spread - ينتشر

Sweat - sweat - sweat - يعرق

Thrust - thrust - thrust - يدفع

B - The past tense and past participle are a like - تشابه الماضي و أسم المفعول

- Examples:

Present / Infinitive - past - Past Participle

Abide - abode - abode - يقيم

Awake - awoke - awoke - يستيقظ

Behold - beheld - beheld - يشاهد

Bend - bent - bent - ينحني , يثني

Bind - bound - bound - يحزم

Bleed - bled - bled - ينزف

Bring - brought - brought - يحضر

Build - built - built - يبني

Burn - burnt , burned - burnt , burned - يحرق

Buy - bought - bought - يشتري

Catch - caught - caught -يمسك

Cling - clung - clung - يتعلق

Creep - crept - crept - يزحف

Deal - dealt - dealt - يتعامل

Dig - dug - dug - يحفر

Dream - dreamt , dreamed - dreamt - يحلم

Dwell - dwelt , dwelled - dwelt - يقطن , يسكن

Feed - fed - fed - يطعم

Feel - felt - felt - يشعر

Fight - fought - fought - يحارب

Find - found - found - يجد

Flee - fled - fled - يهرب

Fling - flung - flung - يطيح

Foretell - foretold - foretold - يتنبأ

Get - got - got - يحصل

Grind - ground - ground - يطحن

Hang - hung - hung - يعلق , يشنق

Hear - heard - heard - يسمع

Hold - held - held - يمسك

Keep - kept - kept - يحفظ

Kneel - knelt - knelt - يركع

Lay - laid - laid - يضع

Lead - led - led - يقود

Leap - leapt - leapt - يقفز

Learn - learnt , learned - learnt - يتعلم

Leave - left - left - يترك

Lent - lent - lent - يقرض

Lie - lied - lied - يكذب

Light - lit , lighted - lit - يضيء

Lose - lost - lost - يفقد

Make - made - made - يصنع

Mean - meant - meant - يعني

Meet - met - met - يقابل

Pay - paid - paid - يدفع

Read - read - read - يقرأ

Say - said - said - يقول

Seek - sought - sought - يبحث

sell - sold - sold - يبيع

Send - sent - sent - يرسل

Shine - shone - shone - يلمع , يسطع

Shoot - shot - shot - يطلق

Sit - sat - sat - يجلس

Sleep - slept - slept - ينام

Smell - smelt - smelt - يشم

Speed - sped - sped - يسرع

Spend - spent - spent - ينفق

Spoil - spoilt - spoilt - يتلف , يفسد

Stand - stood - stood - يقف

Stick - stuck - stuck - يلصق

Sting - stung - stung - يلدغ

Strike - struck - struck - يضرب

Sweep - swept - swept - يكنس

Teach - taught - taught - يعلم

Tell - told - told - يخبر

Think - thought - thought - يفكر , يظن

Wake - woke - woken - يوقظ

Weep - wept - wept - يبكي

Win - won - won - يكسب , يفوز

Wind - wound - wound - يلف

Wring - wrung - wrung - يلوي , يعصر

C - All forms are different - إختلاف جميع الصور

- Examples:

Present / Infinitive - past - Past Participle

Arise - arose - arisen - ينهض , ينشأ

Bear - bore - born - يلد

Bear - bore - borne - يحمل

Beat - beat - beaten - يضرب , يهزم

Become - became - become - يصبح

Begin - began - begun - يبدأ

Bid - bade , bid - bidden , bid - يأمر

Bite - bit - bitten - يعض

Blow - blew - blown - يهب , يعصف

Break - broke - broken - يكسر , يحطم

Choose - chose - chosen - يختار

Come - came - come - يأتي

Do - did - done - يعمل , يفعل

Draw - drew - drawn - يرسم , يسحب

Drink - drank - drunk - يشرب

Drive - drove - driven - يقود

Eat - ate - eaten - يأكل

Fall - fell - fallen - يقع , يسقط

Fly - flew - flown - يطير

Forbid - forbade - forbidden - يمنح

Forget - forgot - forgotten - ينسى

Forgive - forgave - forgiven - يسامح

Forsake - forsook - forsaken - يهجر

Freeze - froze - frozen - يتجمد

Give - gave -given - يعطي

Go - went - gone - يذهب

Grow - grew - grown - ينمو , يكبر

Hide - hid - hidden - يخفي , يختفي

Know - knew - known - يعرف

Lie - lay - lain - يستلقي

Ride - rode - ridden - يركب

Ring - rang - rung - يدق , يرن

Rise - rose - risen - ينهض

Run - ran - run - يركض

Saw - sawed - sawn - ينشر

See - saw - seen - يرى , ينظر

Sew - sewed - sawn - يخيط

Shake - shook - shaken - يهز

Show - showed - shown - يعرض

Shrink - shrank - shrunk - ينكمش

Sing - sang - sung - يغني

Slay - slew - slain - يذبح

Speak - spoke - spoken - يتكلم

Spring - sprang - sprung - يقفز

Steal - stole - stolen - يسرق

Swear - swore - sworn - يقسم

Swim - swam - swum - يسبح

Take - took - taken - يأخذ

Tear - tore - torn - يمزق

Throw - threw - thrown - يرمي

Wear - wore - worn - يلبس

Write - wrote - written - يكتب